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Query Syntax

Title	Operator	Example	Description
Phrase / Exact match	""	"Roman" "Roman Road Network"	The term or phrase must be matched exactly (case insensitive) to get a match.
Field Search	FIELD_NAME:()	name:(Roman Road Network) name:("Roman Road Network")	Field searches makes it possible to narrow the search to a specific field instead of searching all fields. The same operators as used in a normal search can be applied to field searches.
Wildcard	?, *	Roma? Ro*	Search words including or ending with and an unknown set of characters. The wildcard ? matces a single character and * matches 0-n characters.
Fuzzy	~	Roma~ Squire~	Find words which are similar (spelling wise) to the given word. Good for finding misspelled words. The examples could e.g. result in "Roma, Roman, Rome" or "Squire, Super, Squibb". Given the length of the word different rules apply : [0-2]: No fuzzyfication is applied - the word must match exactly [3-5]: One edit* is allowed [6-]: Two edits* are allowed * The default rules for edits can be overwritten by applying one of [0, 1, 2] after the "~", where the number specifies the number of edits allowed. ** An edit is an insertion, deletion or substitution of a character.
Must	+	+Roman Road +Network +name:(Roman Road) +"Roman Road" Network	Express which terms must be present to get a match: +Roman Road +Network Both "Roman" and "Network" must be present, "Road" is not required but would make a better result if present +name:(Roman Road) One of the terms must be present in the title field (If all terms must be present prefix each term with a "+") +"Roman Road" The exact phrase must be present
Must Not	-	-Roman Road -name:(Roman Road) -"Roman Road" Network	Express which terms must not be present to get a match: -Roman Road "Roman" must not present -name:(Roman Road) One of the terms must not be present in the title field (If all terms must not be present prefix each term with a "-") -"Roman Road" The exact phrase must not be present
Grouping	( )	(+Roman +Road) (+Ancient +Network)	Group expressions together to form sub-queries. The Example reads: match ("Roman" and "Road") or ("Ancient" and "Network").

time

1 - 1 / 1

Network of edges (connections) that cross between the clusters. Membership of clusters is shown in the colour of the nodes.

Authors:

Nikolas Gestrich

Juan-Marco Puerta Schardt

Formats

csv, other, txt

Nodes

Edges

Years

1025–1165

Access:

Added:

2025-12-18

Network of edges (connections) that cross between the clusters. Membership of clusters is shown in the colour of the nodes.

"This paper reports on an attempt to analyse decorative techniques on archaeological pottery from the Middle Niger region of West Africa as knowledge exchange networks. The twelfth-century AD state of this network is modelled and analysed and then…

Construction

"Our theoretical approach to what the network represents informs the way in which the network model is constructed. So far, the most frequent form of making ties in archaeological ceramic data has been by calculating the statistical similarity between assemblages. Hart and Engelbrecht (Citation2012) use the Brainerd-Robinson similarity coefficient, as do, for instance, Mills et al. (Citation2015), while de Groot (Citation2019) uses the Jaccard and Kulczyinski-2 similarity measures. The similarity value is then used as the basis and weight for forming a tie between the two assemblage nodes. Because we did not only want to base our network on overall similarity but also wanted to be able to analyse the networks of individual décors more closely, we have constructed a multiplex network. This is a network in which edges can have different types and can thus be envisaged as having layers. A multiplex network is distinct from a multilayer network, in which connections can also exist between layers, and which has recently seen its first application to archaeological ceramics by Upton (2019). In our multiplex network, each decorative practice is represented as a distinct layer. The layers share the site assemblages as nodes, although not every node is necessarily represented on every layer. The ties are weighted by the product of the percentages of a given décor in two assemblages. This network construction is implemented in R (R Core Team Citation2022) using the tidygraph package (Pedersen Citation2022)."

Sources

Togola, T. 2008. Archaeological Investigations of Iron Age Sites in the Mema Region, Mali (West Africa). Oxford: Archaeopress.

Source Types

publication

McIntosh, S.K. 2017. “The Akumbu mound complex (Méma Region, Mali): culture change, complexity and the Pulse Model.” In Winds of Change: Archaeological Contributions in Honour of Peter Breunig, edited by N. Rupp, C. Beck, G. Franke and K. P. Wendt, 193–204. Bonn: Habelt-Verlag.

Source Types

publication

Cissé, M., Takezawa, S. and Fané, Y. 2017. “Contribution à l’etablissement de la chronologie au Méma: les fouilles à Akoubu et Bérétouma.” In Sur les Traces des Grands Empires. Recherches Archéologiques au Mali, edited by S. Takezawa and M. Cissé, 25–71. Paris: L’Harmattan

Source Types

publication

Guindo, N. 2011. “La reconstitution de l’histoire du peoplement de la plaine du Seno-Gondo, Pays Dogon, Mali.” PhD diss., Université de Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense.

Source Types

publication

•

thesis

Haskell, H., McIntosh, R.J. and McIntosh, S.K. 1988. “Archaeological reconnaissance in the region of Dia, Mali. Final report to the National Geographic Society.” Unpublished report, Washington DC.

Source Types

survey

Arazi, N. 2005. “Tracing history in Dia, in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali — archaeology, oral traditions and written sources.” PhD diss., University of London.

Source Types

publication

•

thesis

Bedaux, R., Polet, J., Sanogo, K. and Schmidt, A. 2005. Recherches Archéologiques à Dia dans le Delta Intérieur du Niger (Mali): Bilan des Saisons de Fouilles 1998-2003. Leiden: CNWS Publications.

Source Types

publication

McIntosh, S.K. and McIntosh, R.J. 2023. “Revisiting site history and regional interaction at the Dia settlement mound complex, Mali.” Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 58: 620–653.

Source Types

publication

Nixon, S. 2017. Essouk-Tadmekka: An Early Islamic Trans-Saharan Market Town. Leiden: Brill.

Source Types

publication

Cissé, M. 2010. “Archaeological investigations of early trade and urbanism at Gao Saney (Mali).” PhD diss., Rice University.

Source Types

publication

•

thesis

McIntosh, S.K. and Guèye, N.S. 2010. “Braided cord roulette (simple and composite).” In African Pottery Roulettes Past and Present. Techniques, Identification and Distribution, edited by A. Haour, K. Manning, N. Arazi, O.P. Gosselain, N. S. Guèye, D. Keita, A. Livingstone Smith, K.C. MacDonald, A. Mayor, S.K. McIntosh and R. Vernet, 157–168. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Source Types

publication

Keita, D. 2015. Peuplement Humain du Delta Intérieur du Niger: Le Peuplement de la Marge Orientale du Delta Intérieur du Niger au Premier Millénaire après Jésus Christ. Saarbrücken: Presses Académiques Francophones.

Source Types

publication

Gestrich, N. and Keita, D. 2017. “Report on a season of prospection and excavation near Ségu, Mali.” Nyame Akuma 88: 48–55.

Source Types

publication

Mayor, A. 2011b. Traditions Céramiques dans la Boucle du Niger: Ethnoarchéologie et Histoire du Peuplement au Temps des Empires Précoloniaux. Frankfurt-am-Main: Africa Magna Verlag.

Source Types

publication

Huysecom, E., Ozainne, S., Jeanbourquin, C., Mayor, A., Canetti, M., Loukou, S., Chaix, L., Eichhorn, B., Lespez, L., Le Drézen, Y. and Guindo, N. 2015. “Towards a better understanding of sub-Saharan settlement mounds before AD 1400: the tells of Sadia on the Seno Plain (Dogon Country, Mali).” Journal of African Archaeology 13: 7–38.

Source Types

publication

Bedaux, R and Lange, A.G. 1983. “Tellem, reconnaissance archéologique d’une culture de l’ouest africain au Moyen-Age: la poterie.” Journal des Africanistes 53: 5–59.

Source Types

publication

Bedaux, R., Constandse-Westermann, T.S., Hacquebord, L., Lange, A. and Van Der Waals, J.D. 1978. “Recherches archéologiques dans le Delta Intérieur du Niger.” Palaeohistoria 20: 91–220.

Source Types

publication

Gestrich, N. and MacDonald, K.C. 2018. “On the margins of Ghana and Kawkaw: four seasons of excavation at Tongo Maaré Diabal (AD 500–1150), Mali.” Journal of African Archaeology 16: 1–30.

Source Types

publication

Gestrich, N., Champion, L., Keita, D. and Coulibaly, N. 2021. “Evidence of an 11th century CE Cola nitida trade into the Middle Niger region.” African Archaeological Review 38: 403–418.

Source Types

publication

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Network of edges (connections) that cross between the clusters. Membership of clusters is shown in the colour of the nodes.

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