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"In archaeology, palaeo-ecological studies are frequently used to support archaeological investigations, but linking and synthesizing datasets and concepts from ecology, ethnography, earth sciences, and archaeology has historically been rare. While…
Construction
"In order to better understand the relationships between species and their use by humans, we have applied a bipartite network analytical approach. By formalizing the human–environmental interactions as a network, we can quickly extract quantitative measures and visualize the connections between species and use categories."
"The network analysis was run in Cytoscape v. 3.7.2, employing the CentiScaPe package [45], to focus our metrics on centrality measures using the list of species and their use categories (see Supplementary Materials S2). Each species and each use category thus becomes a node in the network, but links (edges) are only allowed between species and use categories. The program was then used to visualize the results and analyze the following metrics: degree, betweenness centrality, bridging centrality, eccentricity, and eigenvector centrality. "
"It should be pointed out that these network metrics are designed for the analysis of one-mode networks [47,48]. It is therefore common practice to project bipartite (two-mode) networks to one-mode for analysis of one of the node types involved, which inevitably leads to loss of information. Furthermore, the metrics for projected networks then tend to overestimate the connectedness of the nodes [49]. A number of alternative strategies have been proposed to deal with this effect [49,50] that use specific assumptions about the functioning of social or ecological networks to measure the interactions between nodes in bipartite networks [44,50,51,52]. Our networks, however, are not truly dynamic social or ecological networks since the taxa themselves do not interact and will not actively form ties over the network. We have therefore only analyzed the (static) connections between uses and taxa, for which standard network metrics provide sufficient information."
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