{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/9","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":9,"name":"ORBIS (v2) Network Edge and Node Tables. The Stanford Geospatial Network Model of the Roman World","icon":"transportation","dataUrl":"https://purl.stanford.edu/mn425tz9757","canonicalCitation":"Meeks, Scheidel, Weiland and Arcenas. (2014). ORBIS (v2) Network Edge and Node Tables. Stanford Digital Repository. Available at: http://purl.stanford.edu/mn425tz9757","description":"\"ORBIS is a multimodal, seasonally variable transportation network model available at orbis.stanford.edu. The model provides for practically unlimited permutations by allowing users to limit modes, change movement cost, and adjust time of year. However, it is as a more simple network that ORBIS can be usefully integrated into other research, such as historical environmental reconstruction or agent-based modeling set in the Roman world.\n\nWith that in mind, this view of the ORBIS network is provided as a simple node and edge list. Nodes are sites and include X and Y coordinates for geographic positioning. Edges have source and target (but no geometry) as well as distance in KM, cost in denarii per kilogram of grain delivered by wagon, and duration of travel in days of each route segment either based on calculated time (for sea routes), fixed speed (for rivers) or 30km/day speed (for roads). The type of the route is also included.\n\nNote that to facilitate interoperability with network analysis packages that do not support parallel edges that in cases where ORBIS has parallel edges (where, for instance two sites may be connected by both a road and a river) that only the cheapest edge has been kept.\"\n\nText from: https://purl.stanford.edu/mn425tz9757","fileFormats":["csv"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Elijah","lastName":"Meeks","affiliation":null,"orcidId":null},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Walter","lastName":"Scheidel","affiliation":"Stanford University","orcidId":"0000-0003-2776-0328"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Jonathan","lastName":"Weiland","affiliation":null,"orcidId":null},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Scott","lastName":"Arcenas","affiliation":null,"orcidId":null}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-3.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-3.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-3.0.json"},"tags":["rivers","roads","roman","romanempire","shipping","transport"],"collectionTags":[],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"9","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"Stanford University Library, Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis (CESTA)","dataPublisher":"Stanford Digital Repository","relatedPublications":[],"topic":{"yearFrom":-50,"yearTo":500,"networkTopics":["economic","hydrology","roads","shipping","transport"],"nodeTopics":["crossroads","settlement"],"edgeTopics":["river","road","sea"],"nodeAttributes":["latitude","longitude","name"],"edgeAttributes":["cost","edge-type","length","time"],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Africa","capital":null,"coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":17.57,"lat":1.65},"iso2":null,"countryId":"PN-AF"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Albania","capital":"Tirana","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":20,"lat":41},"iso2":"AL","countryId":"AL"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Algeria","capital":"Algiers","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":3,"lat":28},"iso2":"DZ","countryId":"DZ"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Andorra","capital":"Andorra la Vella","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":1.5,"lat":42.5},"iso2":"AD","countryId":"AD"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Asia","capital":null,"coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":100.62,"lat":34.05},"iso2":null,"countryId":"PN-AS"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Austria","capital":"Vienna","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":13.33333333,"lat":47.33333333},"iso2":"AT","countryId":"AT"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Belgium","capital":"Brussels","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":4,"lat":50.83333333},"iso2":"BE","countryId":"BE"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","capital":"Sarajevo","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":18,"lat":44},"iso2":"BA","countryId":"BA"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Bulgaria","capital":"Sofia","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":25,"lat":43},"iso2":"BG","countryId":"BG"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Croatia","capital":"Zagreb","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":15.5,"lat":45.16666666},"iso2":"HR","countryId":"HR"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Cyprus","capital":"Nicosia","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":33,"lat":35},"iso2":"CY","countryId":"CY"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Egypt","capital":"Cairo","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":30,"lat":27},"iso2":"EG","countryId":"EG"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Europe","capital":null,"coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":15.34,"lat":49.74},"iso2":null,"countryId":"PN-EU"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"France","capital":"Paris","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":2,"lat":46},"iso2":"FR","countryId":"FR"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Germany","capital":"Berlin","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":9,"lat":51},"iso2":"DE","countryId":"DE"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Greece","capital":"Athens","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":22,"lat":39},"iso2":"GR","countryId":"GR"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Hungary","capital":"Budapest","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":20,"lat":47},"iso2":"HU","countryId":"HU"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Israel","capital":"Jerusalem","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":35.13,"lat":31.47},"iso2":"IL","countryId":"IL"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Italy","capital":"Rome","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":12.83333333,"lat":42.83333333},"iso2":"IT","countryId":"IT"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Jordan","capital":"Amman","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":36,"lat":31},"iso2":"JO","countryId":"JO"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Kosovo","capital":"Pristina","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":21.166667,"lat":42.666667},"iso2":"XK","countryId":"XK"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Lebanon","capital":"Beirut","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":35.83333333,"lat":33.83333333},"iso2":"LB","countryId":"LB"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Libya","capital":"Tripoli","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":17,"lat":25},"iso2":"LY","countryId":"LY"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Liechtenstein","capital":"Vaduz","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":9.53333333,"lat":47.26666666},"iso2":"LI","countryId":"LI"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Luxembourg","capital":"Luxembourg","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":6.16666666,"lat":49.75},"iso2":"LU","countryId":"LU"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Malta","capital":"Valletta","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":14.58333333,"lat":35.83333333},"iso2":"MT","countryId":"MT"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Monaco","capital":"Monaco","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":7.4,"lat":43.73333333},"iso2":"MC","countryId":"MC"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Montenegro","capital":"Podgorica","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":19.3,"lat":42.5},"iso2":"ME","countryId":"ME"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Morocco","capital":"Rabat","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-5,"lat":32},"iso2":"MA","countryId":"MA"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Netherlands","capital":"Amsterdam","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":5.75,"lat":52.5},"iso2":"NL","countryId":"NL"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"North Macedonia","capital":"Skopje","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":22,"lat":41.83333333},"iso2":"MK","countryId":"MK"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Palestine","capital":"Ramallah","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":35.2,"lat":31.9},"iso2":"PS","countryId":"PS"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Portugal","capital":"Lisbon","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-8,"lat":39.5},"iso2":"PT","countryId":"PT"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Romania","capital":"Bucharest","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":25,"lat":46},"iso2":"RO","countryId":"RO"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"San Marino","capital":"City of San Marino","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":12.41666666,"lat":43.76666666},"iso2":"SM","countryId":"SM"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Serbia","capital":"Belgrade","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":21,"lat":44},"iso2":"RS","countryId":"RS"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Slovenia","capital":"Ljubljana","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":14.81666666,"lat":46.11666666},"iso2":"SI","countryId":"SI"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Spain","capital":"Madrid","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-4,"lat":40},"iso2":"ES","countryId":"ES"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Switzerland","capital":"Bern","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":8,"lat":47},"iso2":"CH","countryId":"CH"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Syria","capital":"Damascus","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":38,"lat":35},"iso2":"SY","countryId":"SY"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Tunisia","capital":"Tunis","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":9,"lat":34},"iso2":"TN","countryId":"TN"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Türkiye","capital":"Ankara","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":35,"lat":39},"iso2":"TR","countryId":"TR"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"United Kingdom","capital":"London","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-2,"lat":54},"iso2":"GB","countryId":"GB"}]},"structure":{"directionality":"directed","weighted":"yes","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"yes","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"yes","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":678,"numberOfEdges":2208,"numberOfIsolates":0},"construction":{"description":"A description of the construction of ORBIS can be found on the website https://orbis.stanford.edu/ \nAnd these publications:\nScheidel, W., 2015. Orbis: the Stanford geospatial network model of the Roman world. Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics. https://doi.org/10.1093/OBO/97801953896610075.2\nScheidel, W., 2014. The shape of the Roman world: modelling imperial connectivity. Journal of Roman Archaeology 27, 7–32.","sources":[{"description":"Talbert, R.J.A., 2000. Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press, Princeton.","sourceTypes":["atlas"]},{"description":"References used cited under \"Building > References\" on https://orbis.stanford.edu/#references","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"P. Arnaud 2005. Les routes de la navigation antique: itinéraires en Méditerranée. Paris.","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":"https://github.com/emeeks/orbis_v2/tree/master","additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1744618880143,"lastEdited":1756886340596}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/10","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":10,"name":"Visibility network Iron Age Southern Spain (Brughmans et al. 2014)","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.05.027","canonicalCitation":"Brughmans, T., Keay, S., Earl, G.P., 2014. Introducing exponential random graph models for visibility networks. Journal of Archaeological Science 49, 442–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.05.027","description":"A visibility network of lines-of-sight connecting Iron Age sites in southern Spain, used to evaluate hypotheses of the role of lines of sight in facilitating visual control and communication during the later Iron Age in Southern Spain. It was used as a case study for evaluating the use of exponential random graph models (ERGMs) for visibility networks in this paper https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.05.027","fileFormats":["txt"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Tom","lastName":"Brughmans","affiliation":"Aarhus University","orcidId":null},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Simon","lastName":"Keay","affiliation":"University of Southampton","orcidId":null},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Graeme","lastName":"Earl","affiliation":"King's College London","orcidId":null}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"PN-Restricted-Access","name":"Restricted Access","reference":null,"detailsUrl":null},"tags":["ergm","ironage","spain","visibility"],"collectionTags":["visibility-southern-spain"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"10","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"The ‘Urban Connectivity in Iron Age and Roman Southern Spain’ project directed by Prof. Simon Keay and Dr. Graeme Earl was funded by the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) between 2002 and 2005 with subsequent support by the University of Southampton and institutions in Seville.","dataPublisher":"Elsevier","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Brughmans, T., Keay, S., Earl, G.P., 2014. Introducing exponential random graph models for visibility networks. Journal of Archaeological Science 49, 442–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.05.027","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.05.027"},{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Brughmans, T., Keay, S., Earl, G., 2015. Understanding Inter-settlement Visibility in Iron Age and Roman Southern Spain with Exponential Random Graph Models for Visibility Networks. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 22, 58–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-014-9231-x","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-014-9231-x"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-500,"yearTo":-200,"networkTopics":["visibility"],"nodeTopics":["settlement"],"edgeTopics":["line-of-sight"],"nodeAttributes":[],"edgeAttributes":[],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"yes","uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":"The edges included have a 50-100% probability, as derived from probabilistic viewshedss. see https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-014-9231-x\nThe downloadable dataset does not include attribute information.","modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Spain","capital":"Madrid","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-4,"lat":40},"iso2":"ES","countryId":"ES"}]},"structure":{"directionality":"directed","weighted":"no","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"yes","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"no","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"yes"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":159,"numberOfEdges":84,"numberOfIsolates":104},"construction":{"description":"\"A 35 m resolution DEM was created with the ‘Topo to Raster’ interpolation method in ArcGIS 9.3 (selected because it recreates a more correct representation of ridges from input point and contour data, features that have a significant impact on the results of visibility analyses), using point and contour line data (source: ICA, Junta de Andalucía; contour interval 10 m). Lines of sight were derived by performing a probable viewshed (Fisher, 1992, Fisher, 1995) with 100 iterations for each site. This allowed us to distinguish between lines of sight of high and low probability. A single observer point per site was used for the visibility analysis, since for the vast majority of sites there was no data available of the occupied area and extent of settlement. However, the decision to use a single observer location is problematic and its impact on the results will need to be evaluated in future work for smaller study areas with a better knowledge of occupied settlement areas. An observer height of 1.7 m was assumed. Moreover, we assumed that the observed location height is that of the DEM cell on which the observed settlement is located, since very few settlements have evidence of architectural features that could be included in the analysis.\nThe resulting visibility network (Fig. 6) was subsequently analysed using exploratory network measures, which revealed it consists of a number of components and three areas with a higher density of lines of sight (Brughmans et al., in press). The network used in the ERGMs includes lines of sight up to 20 km, at which distance fire and smoke signals are still visible, and with a probability higher than 50% (an arbitrary threshold, but a sensitivity analysis of network measures using different thresholds showed that it captures the key features of the network's structure (Brughmans et al., in press)). The final network, which will now be referred to as the “observed network” (prepared in the SNA software package UCINET), includes 159 nodes connected by 84 arcs.\"\n\nNetwork creation description from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.05.027","sources":[{"description":"point and contour line data from ICA, Junta de Andalucía; used to create DEM","sourceTypes":["topography"]},{"description":"site locations collected by the Urban Connectivity in Iron Age and Roman Southern Spain project directed by Simon Keay and Graeme Earl.\n\nThe sites dataset was primarily assembled from the following sources (text from https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-014-9231-x):\n\"Archival: These are sites listed in regional site and monument catalogues held by the Delegacion Provincial de Cultura de la Junta de Andalucía (specifically the ARQUEOS and its later replacement the SIPHA). These draw upon information recorded by archaeologists in the 20th c., as well as works published earlier. The work of Ponsich (1974, 1979, 1987, 1991) form a fundamental part of this, particularly for the Roman settlements.\n\nAdministrative: These are specifically surveys of Iberian and Roman sites undertaken for administrative reasons by the Delegación Provincial de Cultura as part of the Junta de Andalucía’s ongoing strategy of updating its regional site and monument registers.\n\nResearch: These are sites that were found, investigated or excavated in the course of research projects undertaken by archaeologists based at the Universidad de Sevilla or elsewhere.\n\nAccidental: These are sites found or investigated as a result of rescue work (‘urgencias’) undertaken by archaeologists on behalf of the Junta de Andalucía, whether by excavation or survey.\n\nProject: These are sites visited in the course of the urban connectivity project for the purposes of checking location and analysis of surface materials for indications of chronology.\"","sourceTypes":["accidental","administrative","archival","research","survey"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1744624508083,"lastEdited":1747997899806}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/11","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":11,"name":"Clovis lithic co-occurrence networks in late Pleistocene North America (Buchanan et al. 2016)","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.11.003","canonicalCitation":"Buchanan, B., Hamilton, M.J., Kilby, J.D., Gingerich, J.A.M., 2016. Lithic networks reveal early regionalization in late Pleistocene North America. Journal of Archaeological Science 65, 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.11.003","description":"\"Our study uses data from 84 Clovis lithic assemblages from across North America.\nRaw materials co-occurring in assemblages are used to construct lithic networks.\nAnalyses reveal three large isolated, mostly spatially discrete, lithic networks.\nThe lithic networks correspond with regional differences in Clovis point form.\nWe suggest that the pattern of Holocene cultural regionalization begins with Clovis.\"\nHighlights from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.11.003","fileFormats":["xlsx"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Briggs","lastName":"Buchanan","affiliation":"The University of Tulsa: Tulsa, Oklahoma, US","orcidId":null},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Marcus J.","lastName":"Hamilton","affiliation":"The University of Texas at San Antonio: San Antonio, Texas, US","orcidId":null},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"J. David","lastName":"Kilby","affiliation":"Texas State University: San Marcos, TX, US","orcidId":null},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Joseph A.M.","lastName":"Gingerich","affiliation":null,"orcidId":null}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"PN-Restricted-Access","name":"Restricted Access","reference":null,"detailsUrl":null},"tags":["archaeology","clovis","co-occurrence","lithics","northamerica","paleoindian","pleistocene"],"collectionTags":[],"images":[],"funding":"University of Tulsa Faculty Development Summer Fellowship Program","dataPublisher":"Elsevier","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Buchanan, B., Hamilton, M.J., Kilby, J.D., Gingerich, J.A.M., 2016. Lithic networks reveal early regionalization in late Pleistocene North America. Journal of Archaeological Science 65, 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.11.003","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.11.003"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-11450,"yearTo":-10550,"networkTopics":["material-similarity"],"nodeTopics":["site"],"edgeTopics":["material-co-occurrence"],"nodeAttributes":["county","name","state"],"edgeAttributes":[],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Canada","capital":"Ottawa","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-95,"lat":60},"iso2":"CA","countryId":"CA"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"United States","capital":"Washington D.C.","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-97,"lat":38},"iso2":"US","countryId":"US"}]},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"no","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"no","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"no","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":84,"numberOfEdges":298,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"Described in materials and methods of https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.11.003","sources":[{"description":"Publications used as sources for the material culture are included in the supplements to https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2015.11.003","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1744631627179,"lastEdited":1745506568723}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/12","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":12,"name":"Incriminations in the inquisition register of Bologna (1291-1310)","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://zenodo.org/records/13935366","canonicalCitation":"Riccardo, K., Zbíral, D., Brys, Z., & Hampejs, T. (2024). Incriminations in the inquisition register of Bologna (1291-1310): network data and code (v. 3) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13935366","description":"Cross-sectional (synchronic) projection of network data on incriminations (nominations of people in the criminal context of heresy trials) in the medieval inquisition register of Bologna, 1291–1310 in TSV format (tabulator-separated values), and R code for the article: Zbíral, David, Katia Riccardo, Tomáš Hampejs, and Zoltán Brys. ‘Gender, Kinship, and Other Social Predictors of Incrimination in the Inquisition Register of Bologna (1291–1310): Results from an Exponential Random Graph Model’. PLOS One 20, no. 2 (11 February 2025): e0315467. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315467.","fileFormats":["csv"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Katia","lastName":"Riccardo","affiliation":"Masaryk University","orcidId":null},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"David","lastName":"Zbíral","affiliation":"Masaryk University","orcidId":null},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Zoltan","lastName":"Brys","affiliation":"Masaryk University","orcidId":null},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Tomáš","lastName":"Hampejs","affiliation":"Masaryk University","orcidId":null}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["13th_century","14th_century","acquaintance","administrative_records","bologna","criminal_process","denunciation","incrimination","inquisition","social_network"],"collectionTags":["dissinet"],"images":[],"funding":null,"dataPublisher":"Zenodo","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Zbíral, David, Katia Riccardo, Tomáš Hampejs, and Zoltán Brys. ‘Gender, Kinship, and Other Social Predictors of Incrimination in the Inquisition Register of Bologna (1291–1310): Results from an Exponential Random Graph Model’. PLOS One 20, no. 2 (11 February 2025): e0315467. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0315467.","url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0315467"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":1291,"yearTo":1310,"networkTopics":["covert","criminal","incrimination","social"],"nodeTopics":["physical-person"],"edgeTopics":["incrimination"],"nodeAttributes":["churchperson","gender"],"edgeAttributes":[],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"no","uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":null,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Italy","capital":"Rome","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":12.83333333,"lat":42.83333333},"iso2":"IT","countryId":"IT"}]},"structure":{"directionality":"directed","weighted":"no","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"no","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":null,"hypergraph":null,"signed":null,"probabilistic":null},"size":{"numberOfNodes":663,"numberOfEdges":1074,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"Manual collection of incrimination data.","sources":[{"description":"Paolini, Lorenzo, and Raniero Orioli, eds. Acta S. Officii Bononie ab anno 1291 usque ad annum 1310. Vol. 1–3. 3 vols. Fonti per la storia d’Italia 106. Roma: Istituto storico italiano per il Medio Evo, 1982.","sourceTypes":["trial_records"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1744707767053,"lastEdited":1744707767053}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/14","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":14,"name":"Major Roman roads on the Iberian Peninsula","icon":"transportation","dataUrl":"https://book.archnetworks.net/dataandworkspace","canonicalCitation":"Brughmans, T. and Peeples, M. (2023) Major Roman roads on the Iberian Peninsula. Dataset from the Cambridge Manual of Network Science in Archaeology. https://book.archnetworks.net/dataandworkspace","description":"Network representation of major Roman roads in the Iberian Peninsula. Nodes represent settlements and edges represent roads connecting settlements. Isolates settlements not included. Used as an example and training dataset in Brughmans and Peeples's 2023 textbook Network Science in Archaeology.","fileFormats":["csv"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Tom","lastName":"Brughmans","affiliation":"Aarhus University","orcidId":null},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Matt","lastName":"Peeples","affiliation":"Arizona State University","orcidId":null}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0.json"},"tags":["hispania","roads","roman","romanempire","spain"],"collectionTags":["brughmans-peeples-2023"],"images":[],"funding":null,"dataPublisher":"Matt Peeples https://book.archnetworks.net/","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Brughmans, Tom and Matthew A. Peeples (2023). Network Science in Archaeology. Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.","url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/network-science-in-archaeology/842306360FBC7A114E207E2955FD3372"},{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Peeples, Matthew A. and Tom Brughmans (2023). Online Companion to Network Science in Archaeology.","url":"https://archnetworks.net"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-200,"yearTo":500,"networkTopics":["mobility","roads"],"nodeTopics":["settlement"],"edgeTopics":["road"],"nodeAttributes":["geographic-coordinates","name"],"edgeAttributes":["edge-type","length"],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":null,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Portugal","capital":"Lisbon","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-8,"lat":39.5},"iso2":"PT","countryId":"PT"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Spain","capital":"Madrid","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-4,"lat":40},"iso2":"ES","countryId":"ES"}]},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"yes","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"no","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":89,"numberOfEdges":127,"numberOfIsolates":0},"construction":{"description":"Settlement locations derived from Pleiades ( https://pleiades.stoa.org/ ) based on the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World (Talbert 2000). Roads based on detailed digitization of major Roman roads by Pau de Soto: De Soto, P., Carreras, C., 2021. The Role of Politics in the Historical Transport Networks of the Iberian Peninsula and the Pyrenees from Roman Times to the Nineteenth Century. Social Science History 45, 233–260. https://doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2021.12","sources":[{"description":"De Soto, P., Carreras, C., 2021. The Role of Politics in the Historical Transport Networks of the Iberian Peninsula and the Pyrenees from Roman Times to the Nineteenth Century. Social Science History 45, 233–260. https://doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2021.12","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/","sourceTypes":["atlas","gazetteer"]},{"description":"Talbert, R.J.A., 2000. Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press, Princeton.","sourceTypes":["atlas"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1744807618325,"lastEdited":1744807618325}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/15","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":15,"name":"The name Sokrates in Graeco-Roman Egypt","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://www.trismegistos.org/tmcorpusdata/10","canonicalCitation":"Y. Broux, 'Things can only get better for Sokrates and his crocodile', The Classical Quarterly, 69 (2019), 825-845","description":"Ego network of the name Sokrates to evaluate the cultural-linguistic sphere of the families that used this name from the Hellenisitic to the Byzantine periods. The transition from an almost exclusively Greek environment in the Ptolemaic period to a gradually more Egyptian genealogical context in the course of the early Imperial period is a nice illustration of the trickle-down effect of elite names.","fileFormats":["csv"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Yanne","lastName":"Broux","affiliation":"KU Leuven","orcidId":null}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-SA-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-SA-4.0.json"},"tags":["egypt","hellenistic","onomastics","roman"],"collectionTags":[],"images":[],"funding":null,"dataPublisher":"Trismegistos Online Publications","relatedPublications":[],"topic":{"yearFrom":-330,"yearTo":640,"networkTopics":["onomastic"],"nodeTopics":["name"],"edgeTopics":["kinship"],"nodeAttributes":["gender","language","name"],"edgeAttributes":["period"],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"no","uncertainNodeAttributes":"yes","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":"Not all names can be assigned to a language or a gender.","modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Egypt","capital":"Cairo","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":30,"lat":27},"iso2":"EG","countryId":"EG"}]},"structure":{"directionality":"directed","weighted":"yes","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"yes","spatial":"no","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"no","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":150,"numberOfEdges":315,"numberOfIsolates":0},"construction":{"description":"Nodes represent names, which are connected by a directed edge if a person with the outgoing node name gives the incoming node name to their child. The node of the name Sokrates, for example, has an edge directed to the node of the name Herakleides if at least one person called Sokrates has a son named Herakleides. In other words, the edges are based on genealogical relationships. The graph is also weighted: if multiple father-child pairs with the names Sokrates & Herakleides exist, then the relation between these two names is stronger.","sources":[{"description":"TM People (www.trismegistos.org/ref), a database of all names and individuals living in Egypt between 800 BCE and 800 CE. This database collects attestations of personal names from papyrological, epigraphic and literary sources in all languages attested in ancient Egypt.","sourceTypes":["gazetteer"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1744893727098,"lastEdited":1744893727098}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/16","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":16,"name":"People and places mentioned in select Zenon papyri","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13963730","canonicalCitation":"Tambs, L. (2025) ‘People and Things on the Move (supplementary material)’. Zenodo. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13963730.","description":"Of the included networks (listed below), this entry describes 'Tambs_3partite_casestudy.gexf'.\n\n--> The file 'Tambs_3partite_casestudy.gexf' holds a directed 3-partite network model of people and places mentioned in 36 dated texts from the earliest phase of the Zenon archive. Network size: 279 nodes (36 texts,184 individuals, 59 places) connected by 514 edges (attestations).\n\nIn addition, the following networks are found in the repository:\n\n--> Two smaller models, presenting filtered or restructured subsets of the network data behind the 3-partite network (above), that show different ways attributes revealing that people 'were in' places can be modelled:\n- 'Tambs_2partite_inplace.gexf' is a directed 2-partite network of people-in-texts. The network is a subset of the core component of the 3-partite network ('Tambs_3partite_casestudy.gexf'), filtered to only show people and texts active in at least one edge signalling that a person 'was in' a place (Network size: 27 nodes [7 texts, 20 individuals] connected by 47 edges [attestations].\n- 'Tambs_2partite_persons-in-places.gexf' is a weighted directed 2-partite network of people-in-places. The network is based on data contained in the previous model ('Tambs_2partite_inplace.gexf'), but reorganised so people are now linked directly to the places they are revealed to have been in (Network size: 28 nodes [8 places, 20 individuals] connected by 24 weighted edges [in place]. Import strategy: sum.\n\n--> 'Tambs_2partite_whole.gexf' is a directed 2-partite network of people attested in texts assigned to the Zenon archive (263-229 BCE). The model represents network data extracted from Trismegistos (lists of people attested in 1845 texts) in 2021. Network size: 5,831 nodes (1845 texts, 3986 individuals) connected by 11222 edges (attestations).\n\n--> Four network representations of a single text, representing four approaches to translating ancient papyri into network models. \n- 'Tambs_3partite_TM665.gexf' is a directed 3-partite network of people and places mentioned in TM_665 (Network size: 39 nodes [1 text, 25 individuals, 13 places] connected by 65 edges [attestations].\n- 'Tambs_2partite_TM665.gexf' is a directed 2-partite network of people mentioned in TM_665 (Network size: 26 nodes [1 text, 25 individuals] connected by 44 edges [attestations].\n- 'Tambs_1partite_collapsed_TM665. gexf' is a 1-partite network projection of people mentioned together in TM_665 (Network size: 25 nodes [25 individuals] connected by 300 edges [co-attestation].\n- 'Tambs_1partite_TM665. gexf' is a mixed multiplex 1-partite network of interpersonal relations revealed by TM_665 (Network size: 25 nodes [25 individuals] connected by 56 edges [39 social, 17 economic].","fileFormats":["other"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Lena","lastName":"Tambs","affiliation":"University of Helsinki","orcidId":null}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["ancient_archive","co-attestation","k-partite","papyri","ptolemaic"],"collectionTags":[],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"16","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"The research presented in the article the dataset relates to was carried out under the Centre of Excellence in Ancient Near Eastern Empires (ANEE), funded by the Research Council of Finland (decision no. 352747). The larger Zenon project is now supported by the Kone Foundation. The study was published open access with support from ANEE (Research Council of Finland, decision no. 352748).","dataPublisher":"Zenodo","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Tambs, L. (2025) People and Things on the Move: Tracking Paths With Social Network Analysis. Open Archaeology, Vol. 11 (Issue 1), pp. 20250040. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/opar-2025-0040","url":"https://doi.org/10.1515/opar-2025-0040"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-263,"yearTo":-259,"networkTopics":["economic","mobility","social"],"nodeTopics":["person","place","text"],"edgeTopics":["attestation"],"nodeAttributes":["accessibility","archive_id","century","collection","copy","date","document_subtype","document_type","inventory","language","latitude","longitude","material","node_type","notes","occupation","possible_cross-ident.","provenance(written)","region","relation_to_archive","sex","sigla","subject_matter","timeslot(s)"],"edgeAttributes":["agency","certainty","characteristics","cultural_identity","from(place)","greek_title","in(place)","label","language","line","notes","occupational_role","origin","role","tm_action","to(place)","type","where_in_text"],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Egypt","capital":"Cairo","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":30,"lat":27},"iso2":"EG","countryId":"EG"}]},"structure":{"directionality":"directed","weighted":"no","multigraph":"yes","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"no","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"no","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":279,"numberOfEdges":514,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"To build these networks, the following steps were taken:\n- lists of people attested in Zenon papyri from the online Trismegistos databases (https://www.trismegistos.org/) were extracted with F. Alvares Freire's “attestation per document” python webscraper (www.github.com/fernandaalvaf/Attestation-per-Document.) in 2021\n- the outputs were cleaned and relevant information integrated into the project's relational database (MS Access)\n- next, the ancient texts were read and text publications consulted for the purpose of extending and enriching the dataset through methods of close reading and literature review.\n- for modelling the networks, relevant data were queried, exported and imported to Gephi (https://gephi.org/) for network analysis and visualisation","sources":[{"description":"- Trismegistos: https://www.trismegistos.org/\n- Text publications of the 36 texts that make up the case study","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","online_platform","publication","research"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":"Whereas various networks are presented in the repository (see description above), network characteristics here describe the 3-partite network of people and places mentioned in the 36 texts from the Zenon archive that made up the case study (i.e. model 'Tambs_3partite_casestudy', visualised as 'Tambs_Fig4')."},"_meta":{"created":1744894374241,"lastEdited":1748374452617}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/17","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":17,"name":"Inter-settlement Visibility in Iron Age and Roman Southern Spain","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-014-9231-x","canonicalCitation":"Brughmans, T., Keay, S. & Earl, G. Understanding Inter-settlement Visibility in Iron Age and Roman Southern Spain with Exponential Random Graph Models for Visibility Networks. J Archaeol Method Theory 22, 58–143 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-014-9231-x","description":"Intervisibility networks connecting settlements in Iron Age and Roman Southern Spain. Nodes represent settlements, connected by edges representing lines-of-sight. Lines-of-sight were created using probabilistic viewsheds, and a probability value of each edge is included, as well as its length. The dating period to which each settlement is dated is included.","fileFormats":["csv"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Tom","lastName":"Brughmans","affiliation":"Aarhus University","orcidId":"0000-0002-1589-7768"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"PN-Restricted-Access","name":"Restricted Access","reference":null,"detailsUrl":null},"tags":["hispania","ironage","roman","spain","visibility"],"collectionTags":["visibility-southern-spain"],"images":[],"funding":"The ‘Urban Connectivity in Iron Age and Roman Southern Spain’ project directed by Prof. Simon Keay and Dr. Graeme Earl was funded by the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) between 2002 and 2005 with subsequent support by the University of Southampton and institutions in Seville","dataPublisher":"Springer","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Brughmans, T., Keay, S. & Earl, G. Understanding Inter-settlement Visibility in Iron Age and Roman Southern Spain with Exponential Random Graph Models for Visibility Networks. J Archaeol Method Theory 22, 58–143 (2015).","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-014-9231-x"},{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Brughmans, T., Keay, S., Earl, G., 2014. Introducing exponential random graph models for visibility networks. Journal of Archaeological Science 49, 442–454.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.05.027"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-500,"yearTo":500,"networkTopics":["visibility"],"nodeTopics":["settlement"],"edgeTopics":["line-of-sight"],"nodeAttributes":["name","time-period"],"edgeAttributes":["geographic-coordinates","length","probability"],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"yes","uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"yes","uncertaintyDescription":"The lines-of-sight were derived using a probabilistic viewshed which represents the uncertainties inherent in the creation of the digital elevation model used in the line-of-sight calculations. The resulting probability value represents the percentage of times in all iterations that the pair of settlements is intervisible.","modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Spain","capital":"Madrid","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-4,"lat":40},"iso2":"ES","countryId":"ES"}]},"structure":{"directionality":"directed","weighted":"yes","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"yes","longitudinal":"yes","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"no","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"yes"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":445,"numberOfEdges":1780,"numberOfIsolates":276},"construction":{"description":"Described in details in Brughmans et al. 2015 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-014-9231-x","sources":[{"description":"site locations collected by the Urban Connectivity in Iron Age and Roman Southern Spain project directed by Simon Keay and Graeme Earl.\n\nThe sites dataset was primarily assembled from the following sources (text from https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-014-9231-x):\n\n\"Archival: These are sites listed in regional site and monument catalogues held by the Delegacion Provincial de Cultura de la Junta de Andalucía (specifically the ARQUEOS and its later replacement the SIPHA). These draw upon information recorded by archaeologists in the 20th c., as well as works published earlier. The work of Ponsich (1974, 1979, 1987, 1991) form a fundamental part of this, particularly for the Roman settlements.\n\nAdministrative: These are specifically surveys of Iberian and Roman sites undertaken for administrative reasons by the Delegación Provincial de Cultura as part of the Junta de Andalucía’s ongoing strategy of updating its regional site and monument registers.\n\nResearch: These are sites that were found, investigated or excavated in the course of research projects undertaken by archaeologists based at the Universidad de Sevilla or elsewhere.\n\nAccidental: These are sites found or investigated as a result of rescue work (‘urgencias’) undertaken by archaeologists on behalf of the Junta de Andalucía, whether by excavation or survey.\n\nProject: These are sites visited in the course of the urban connectivity project for the purposes of checking location and analysis of surface materials for indications of chronology.\"","sourceTypes":["accidental","administrative","archival","research","survey"]},{"description":"point and contour line data from ICA, Junta de Andalucía; used to create DEM","sourceTypes":["topography"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1744984251079,"lastEdited":1744984251079}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/18","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":18,"name":"Roman roads in Roman border provinces for Spatial Proximity Analysis","icon":"transportation","dataUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18710/279HML","canonicalCitation":"Glomb, Tomas, 2021, \"Replication data for: The spread of the cult of Asclepius in the context of the Roman army benefited from the presence of physicians: A spatial proximity analysis\", https://doi.org/10.18710/279HML, DataverseNO, V2.","description":"An edited version of the Roman roads originally digitized and geocoded by the Ancient World Mapping Centre (AWMC) based on the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World for the provinces Britannia, Germania Superior and Inferior, Raetia, Noricum, Pannonia Superior and Inferior, Moesia Superior and Inferior, and Dacia. The trajectories and intersections of these roads were validated in GIS software by reconnecting loose ends due to minor errors in the coordinates of the original dataset. Due to fixing the loose ends of the network by an algorithm in QGIS using a buffer, this network is suitable for interconnected distance measurements rather than an exact representation of the Barrington Atlas data. The elements of the data are shapefile lines segmented by 1km. This dataset was used for measurements in Glomb, Tomas. 2021. \"The spread of the cult of Asclepius in the context of the Roman army benefited from the presence of physicians: A spatial proximity analysis\". PLoS ONE 16(8): e0256356. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256356.","fileFormats":["other"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Tomas","lastName":"Glomb","affiliation":"University of Bergen","orcidId":null}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC0-1.0","name":"Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.json"},"tags":["roads","roman","romanempire"],"collectionTags":[],"images":[],"funding":"This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 892604.","dataPublisher":"DataverseNO","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Glomb T (2021) The spread of the cult of Asclepius in the context of the Roman army benefited from the presence of physicians: A spatial proximity analysis. PLoS ONE 16(8): e0256356. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256356","url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256356"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-30,"yearTo":476,"networkTopics":["epigraphy","religion","roads","social"],"nodeTopics":["crossroads"],"edgeTopics":["road"],"nodeAttributes":[],"edgeAttributes":[],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Austria","capital":"Vienna","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":13.33333333,"lat":47.33333333},"iso2":"AT","countryId":"AT"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Belgium","capital":"Brussels","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":4,"lat":50.83333333},"iso2":"BE","countryId":"BE"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","capital":"Sarajevo","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":18,"lat":44},"iso2":"BA","countryId":"BA"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Bulgaria","capital":"Sofia","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":25,"lat":43},"iso2":"BG","countryId":"BG"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Croatia","capital":"Zagreb","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":15.5,"lat":45.16666666},"iso2":"HR","countryId":"HR"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"France","capital":"Paris","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":2,"lat":46},"iso2":"FR","countryId":"FR"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Germany","capital":"Berlin","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":9,"lat":51},"iso2":"DE","countryId":"DE"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Hungary","capital":"Budapest","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":20,"lat":47},"iso2":"HU","countryId":"HU"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Italy","capital":"Rome","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":12.83333333,"lat":42.83333333},"iso2":"IT","countryId":"IT"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Netherlands","capital":"Amsterdam","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":5.75,"lat":52.5},"iso2":"NL","countryId":"NL"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Romania","capital":"Bucharest","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":25,"lat":46},"iso2":"RO","countryId":"RO"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Serbia","capital":"Belgrade","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":21,"lat":44},"iso2":"RS","countryId":"RS"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Slovakia","capital":"Bratislava","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":19.5,"lat":48.66666666},"iso2":"SK","countryId":"SK"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"United Kingdom","capital":"London","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-2,"lat":54},"iso2":"GB","countryId":"GB"}]},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"no","multigraph":null,"selfLoops":null,"spatial":"yes","longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":null,"hypergraph":null,"signed":null,"probabilistic":null},"size":{"numberOfNodes":161670,"numberOfEdges":161670,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"An edited version of the Roman roads originally digitized and geocoded by the Ancient World Mapping Centre (AWMC) based on the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World for the provinces Britannia, Germania Superior and Inferior, Raetia, Noricum, Pannonia Superior and Inferior, Moesia Superior and Inferior, and Dacia. The trajectories and intersections of these roads were validated in QGIS software by reconnecting loose ends due to minor errors in the coordinates of the original dataset. Due to fixing the loose ends of the network by an algorithm in QGIS using a buffer, this network is suitable for interconnected distance measurements and is not an exact representation of the Barrington Atlas data. The elements of the data are shapefile lines segmented by 1km.","sources":[{"description":"Originally: Roman roads. In: Ancient World Mapping Center [Internet]. [cited 10 Dec 2020]. Available: http://awmc.unc.edu/awmc/map_data/shapefiles/ba_roads/.\nNewly: https://github.com/AWMC/geodata/tree/master/Cultural-Data/roads","sourceTypes":["atlas","gazetteer"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1746793690189,"lastEdited":1746793690189}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/19","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":19,"name":"Named individuals in stamped bricks in the Roman world","icon":"pottery","dataUrl":"https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/CIL_XV_1_Instrumentum_Domesticum_a_working_copy_/92031?file=91252","canonicalCitation":"Shawn Graham, On Connecting Stamps – Network Analysis and Epigraphy, Les nouvelles de l'archéologie, 135 | 2014, 39-44. https://doi.org/10.4000/nda.2353","description":"The data used for network analysis in this context primarily comes from Roman stamped bricks, particularly those found in the Tiber Valley, which contain rich, multi-dimensional information such as the names of landowners (domini) and brick makers (officinatores), and details about the property or clay source (figlina) and accompanying figurative devices (signal). From these details, networks are constructed where specific pieces of information or entities become the nodes and their recorded relationships (like co-occurrence on a stamp or shared connections) become the links or edges.","fileFormats":["xlsx"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Shawn","lastName":"Graham","affiliation":"Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada","orcidId":"0000-0002-2887-3554"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"PN-Restricted-Access","name":"Restricted Access","reference":null,"detailsUrl":null},"tags":["brick-stamps","bricks","roman","workshops"],"collectionTags":[],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"19","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":null,"dataPublisher":"Figshare","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Shawn Graham, On Connecting Stamps – Network Analysis and Epigraphy, Les nouvelles de l'archéologie, 135 | 2014, 39-44.","url":"https://doi.org/10.4000/nda.2353"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":1,"yearTo":400,"networkTopics":["economic","epigraphy","social"],"nodeTopics":["person"],"edgeTopics":["material-co-occurrence"],"nodeAttributes":[],"edgeAttributes":[],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Italy","capital":"Rome","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":12.83333333,"lat":42.83333333},"iso2":"IT","countryId":"IT"}]},"structure":{"directionality":"directed","weighted":"no","multigraph":null,"selfLoops":null,"spatial":null,"longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":null,"hypergraph":null,"signed":null,"probabilistic":null},"size":{"numberOfNodes":0,"numberOfEdges":0,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"This dataset was created by manually digitising CIL volume XV.1 by the author as a graduate student. The data is a rough and necessarily incomplete transcription of the information contained in the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum XV.1 Instrumentum domesticum, edited by H. Dressel, 1891. It should not be used to identify stamped bricks (one should use instead Steinby's 'Indici complementari ai bolli doliari urbani (CIL XV.1) Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae 11). Its utility lies in being able to be searched quickly, to narrow down the range of possibilities. I offer it in that spirit. It took author approximately 50 hours to produce.","sources":[{"description":"Corpus Inscriptiom Latinarum. Specifically, the author's \"working copy\" of the CIL XV.1 'Instrumentum Domesticum' data, which was used for the analysis of relationships between figlinae and signa in brick stamps, is mentioned as being available online.","sourceTypes":["inscriptions"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":"The article focuses on applying this method to explore two main types of networks: those connecting named individuals involved in the industry (like domini linked by shared officinatores) and those connecting stamp elements (figlinae linked by common signa), providing new ways to understand the organisation and logistics of brick production."},"_meta":{"created":1747659123639,"lastEdited":1747680563256}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/20","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":20,"name":"Thirty-nine Minoan sites used in ariadne","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.97395","canonicalCitation":"Evans, Tim; Knappett, Carl; Rivers, Ray (2012). Thirty Nine Minoan Sites. figshare. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.97395.v4","description":"These are the 39 Minoan sites and the distances between them used in a series of papers by T.S.Evans, C.Knappett and R.J.Rivers. They represent major centres in the Middle Bronze age in the Aegean centred on Crete.  Information on these excel files and on some of the papers using this data is contained in a pdf file in this dataset or can be found following the links provided on the repository. There are also figures showing the location of these sites along with a QGIS project file used to create the figures.","fileFormats":["xls","xlsx"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Tim S.","lastName":"Evans","affiliation":"Imperial College London","orcidId":null}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["geographical","minoan","sites"],"collectionTags":[],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"20","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":null,"dataPublisher":"figshare.com","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Knappett, C. , Evans, T. S., Rivers, R. J., 2008.\nModelling Maritime Interaction In The Aegean Bronze Age.\nAntiquity , Vol. 82, No. 318, p. 1009-1024.","url":"http://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X0009774X"},{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Knappett, C., Evans, T. S., Rivers, R. J., 2011\nThe Theran eruption and Minoan palatial collapse: new interpretations gained from modelling the maritime network.\nAntiquity , Vol. 85, No. 329, p. 1008-1023","url":"http://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00068459"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-2000,"yearTo":-1501,"networkTopics":["geographical"],"nodeTopics":["site"],"edgeTopics":["relative-distance"],"nodeAttributes":["geographical-locations","latitude","longitude","name"],"edgeAttributes":["distance"],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"no","uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":null,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Greece","capital":"Athens","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":22,"lat":39},"iso2":"GR","countryId":"GR"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Türkiye","capital":"Ankara","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":35,"lat":39},"iso2":"TR","countryId":"TR"}]},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":"yes","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"yes","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"no","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":39,"numberOfEdges":1521,"numberOfIsolates":0},"construction":{"description":"The sites were selected based on expert opinion. The edges were found by estimating the best route by hand and estimating the time taken to travel along the best site-to-site route.","sources":[{"description":"Expert domain knowledge for the sites, then distances created by the authors.","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":"https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Thirty_Nine_Aegean_Minoan_Sites/97395?file=1920220","additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1747929764606,"lastEdited":1747929764606}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/21","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":21,"name":"Network of Scientists and Diplomats in the League of Nations Archives","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://github.com/grandjeanmartin/intellectual-cooperation","canonicalCitation":"GRANDJEAN Martin (2018). The Network of Intellectual Cooperation, Data set, https://github.com/grandjeanmartin/intellectual-cooperation. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.1257287","description":"Source files of a network analysis based on the archives of the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation (ICIC) between 1919 and 1927. These data are made public and available to the community for testing, further analysis, or simply as a training data set. It has been extensively described in a PhD thesis https://shs.hal.science/tel-01853903 (2018 French) and used in different articles https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110744552-004 (2022 English), https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.14647/87204 (2017 Italian), https://doi.org/10.3166/LCN.10.3.37-54 (2014 French).","fileFormats":["csv","xlsx"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Martin","lastName":"Grandjean","affiliation":"University of Lausanne","orcidId":"0000-0003-3184-3943"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-SA-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-SA-4.0.json"},"tags":["20th_century","administrative_records","co-occurrence","international","switzerland"],"collectionTags":[],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"21","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":null,"dataPublisher":null,"relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Grandjean Martin (2014). La connaissance est un réseau : perspective sur l'organisation archivistique et encyclopédique, Les Cahiers du Numérique, 10, 3, 37-54. DOI 10.3166/lcn.10.3.37-54","url":"https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01525545"},{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Grandjean Martin (2015). Introduction à la visualisation de données : l'analyse de réseau en histoire, Geschichte und Informatik, 18/19, 109-128.","url":"https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01525543"},{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Grandjean Martin (2017). Analisi e visualizzazioni delle reti in storia : l'esempio della cooperazione intellettuale della Società delle Nazioni, Memoria e Ricerca, 25, 2, 371-393. DOI 10.14647/87204","url":"https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.14647/87204"},{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Grandjean Martin (2018). Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l’entre-deux-guerres, Université de Lausanne, 2018, 600p.","url":"https://theses.hal.science/tel-01853903"},{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Grandjean Martin (2022). The Paris/Geneva Divide. A Network Analysis of the Archives of the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations, in Roig Sanz Diana and Carbo-Catalan Elisabet, Culture as Soft Power. Bridging Cultural Relations, Intellectual Cooperation, and Cultural Diplomacy, De Gruyter, 2022, 65-98. DOI 10.1515/9783110744552-004","url":"https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110744552-004/html"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":1919,"yearTo":1927,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Africa","capital":null,"coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":17.57,"lat":1.65},"iso2":null,"countryId":"PN-AF"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Asia","capital":null,"coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":100.62,"lat":34.05},"iso2":null,"countryId":"PN-AS"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Europe","capital":null,"coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":15.34,"lat":49.74},"iso2":null,"countryId":"PN-EU"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"France","capital":"Paris","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":2,"lat":46},"iso2":"FR","countryId":"FR"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Germany","capital":"Berlin","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":9,"lat":51},"iso2":"DE","countryId":"DE"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Italy","capital":"Rome","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":12.83333333,"lat":42.83333333},"iso2":"IT","countryId":"IT"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"North America","capital":null,"coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-98.58,"lat":39.83},"iso2":null,"countryId":"PN-NA"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Oceania","capital":null,"coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":133.88,"lat":-23.7},"iso2":null,"countryId":"PN-OC"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"South America","capital":null,"coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-51.93,"lat":-14.24},"iso2":null,"countryId":"PN-SA"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Spain","capital":"Madrid","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-4,"lat":40},"iso2":"ES","countryId":"ES"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Switzerland","capital":"Bern","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":8,"lat":47},"iso2":"CH","countryId":"CH"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"United Kingdom","capital":"London","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-2,"lat":54},"iso2":"GB","countryId":"GB"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"United States","capital":"Washington D.C.","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-97,"lat":38},"iso2":"US","countryId":"US"}],"networkTopics":["correspondence"],"nodeTopics":["person"],"edgeTopics":["co-occurrence","correspondence"],"nodeAttributes":["affiliation","gender","name"],"edgeAttributes":["edge-type","weight"],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"no","uncertainNodeAttributes":"yes","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":"Gender attribute can be unknown."},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":"yes","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"no","longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":"yes","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":3200,"numberOfEdges":26500,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"The network is created by extracting the names of document actors (senders and recipients) from the correspondence archives of a sub-fund of the League of Nations archives dealing with scientific and cultural relations. The modelling is described in detail in the publications mentioned in the description, and in particular this thesis https://shs.hal.science/tel-01853903 (2018 French).","sources":[{"description":"League of Nations archives, United Nations Geneva.","sourceTypes":["administrative","archival"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1748869779489,"lastEdited":1751622418029}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/22","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":22,"name":"Constellation line figures in sky cultures across the world","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://github.com/doinab/constellation-lines/","canonicalCitation":"Doina Bucur (2022-) Constellation line figures in sky cultures across the world (a referenced dataset). https://github.com/doinab/constellation-lines.","description":"A referenced dataset of historical star constellations. They describe *sky cultures* (traditional astronomies, oral or literate, tribes to empires) across the world and through time, to the extent that documentation of those astronomies has survived. Very rarely (for China and Western astronomies), there are multiple datasets for the same culture, at different times. \n\nMost constellations have _lines_ (are connect-the-dot figures, or spatial networks). A few more important sky objects are also included: star clusters (such as the Pleiades), the Milky Way, planets, and some individual stars. \n\nThe data has: culture metadata, constellation names, stars, and lines, the degree of certainty in its identification, a summary of practical usage or mythological themes for that constellation, the semantics of the constellation, and links to any known related constellations (also cross-culture). \n\n              (The example image is part of the Romanian folk sky, documented around 1900.)","fileFormats":["json"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Doina","lastName":"Bucur","affiliation":"University of Twente, The Netherlands","orcidId":"0000-0002-4830-7162"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-SA-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-SA-4.0.json"},"tags":["astronomy"],"collectionTags":[],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"22","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":null,"dataPublisher":null,"relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Doina Bucur (2022) The network signature of constellation line figures. PLOS ONE 17(7): e0272270.","url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272270"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-1470,"yearTo":2021,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Asia","capital":null,"coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":100.62,"lat":34.05},"iso2":null,"countryId":"PN-AS"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Europe","capital":null,"coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":15.34,"lat":49.74},"iso2":null,"countryId":"PN-EU"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"North America","capital":null,"coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-98.58,"lat":39.83},"iso2":null,"countryId":"PN-NA"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Oceania","capital":null,"coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":133.88,"lat":-23.7},"iso2":null,"countryId":"PN-OC"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"South America","capital":null,"coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-51.93,"lat":-14.24},"iso2":null,"countryId":"PN-SA"}],"networkTopics":["astronomical"],"nodeTopics":["star"],"edgeTopics":["line"],"nodeAttributes":["name"],"edgeAttributes":[],"uncertainNodes":"yes","uncertainEdges":"yes","uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":"Occasionally, the identification of stars or lines in a constellation is not certain, either because in that culture the exact star (if the star is minor) is not important, or because an exact memory of the star or line has not survived. The \"certainty\" field in the data summarises the uncertainty."},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"no","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"yes","longitudinal":"yes","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"no","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":null,"numberOfEdges":null,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"The data was acquired by digitising existing ethnographic studies. The many scholarly sources are books, ethnographic studies, cultural astronomy literature, sky charts, or language dictionaries.","sources":[{"description":"These are provided in the dataset itself in the BibTeX format (file sources.bib).","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1750683752817,"lastEdited":1750684034414}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/23","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":23,"name":"River networks and funerary metal in the Bronze Age of the Carpathian Basin","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0238526","canonicalCitation":"Duffy PR (2020) River networks and funerary metal in the Bronze Age of the Carpathian Basin. PLoS ONE 15(9): e0238526. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238526","description":"\"Archaeologists use differences in metals from burial contexts to identify variation in social inequalities during the European Bronze Age. Many have argued that these social inequalities depended on access to, and control of, trade routes. In this paper, I model critical gateways in the Tisza river—a river system in the Carpathian Basin that might have enabled privileged access to metal in some areas but not others. I then evaluate the concentration of metal on different topological nodes of the river network in an attempt to understand what best explains the distribution of metals across this landscape. I do this by describing Bronze Age metal consumption and display in cemeteries from four micro-regions of the Tisza, and compare them with network ‘betweenness centrality’ values for locations along the river. I find support for the argument that favourably located river nodes had better access to metal in the earlier part of the Bronze Age.\"\n\nFrom https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0238526","fileFormats":["xls","xlsx"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Paul","lastName":"Duffy","affiliation":"Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel: Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, DE","orcidId":"0000-0002-4026-2078"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["burials","metal","rivers"],"collectionTags":[],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"23","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"\"This research was supported by the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada (756-2011-0060) (www.sshrc-crsh.gc.ca) and the National Science Foundation (BCS-1460820, BCS-1226439) (www.nsf.gov).The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.\"","dataPublisher":null,"relatedPublications":[],"topic":{"yearFrom":-2200,"yearTo":-1400,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Hungary","capital":"Budapest","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":20,"lat":47},"iso2":"HU","countryId":"HU"}],"networkTopics":["burials","metal","rivers"],"nodeTopics":["river"],"edgeTopics":["river"],"nodeAttributes":["latitude","longitude"],"edgeAttributes":["line"],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"no","uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"no","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"yes","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"no","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":1549,"numberOfEdges":1549,"numberOfIsolates":0},"construction":{"description":"\"For the river network, nodes are defined when two or more reaches come together, or if two or more rivers drain into a marsh, and come out as a single reach downstream. The hydrology at both scales was digitized into polyline shapefiles and then combined by attaching vector lines of both scales, using the lower resolution data where the higher resolution data was not available . I then simplified the river geometry into single polylines breaking only at river confluences, eliminating any trace of the vectorization process. These confluences would become one kind of node in the river network.\"\n\n\"Adding nodes to the river polylines was accomplished in two steps using ET Geowizards, first by splitting the polyline into 10 km segments and then by creating a point shapefile comprised of the beginning and ending vertices of the polyline segments using ‘Renode Polyline’ . I then obtained the geographic coordinates (easting and northing in meters, from a UTM projection) and elevation (masl, from a SRTM raster) of each point in the shapefile, which serve as attributes for the nodes in network software (4). \n\nIn the process of creating a node shapefile, the ‘Renode Polyline’ Wizard application in ET Geowizards, also adds two columns to the original polyline shapefile, the ‘ET_FNode’ and ‘ET_TNode’ columns. These values refer to the nodes in the created point shapefile, essentially a list of edges for an adjacency matrix (that is, two columns specifying the connected nodes). This was exported as a text file for manipulation in UCINET. \n\nThe next step is the creation of a distance matrix for a vector of XY (easting and northing) pairs. This was accomplished by taking the locational coordinates of each river node from the ArcGIS output and producing a matrix using the stock dist() function in R. The output is a matrix in meters between each node.  \n\nThe remaining operations were carried out mostly in Ucinet and NetDraw, simple network software available for matrix analysis and display (5). The edges of the river network were imported to Ucinet and then exported as a 2D array for manipulation in Microsoft Excel. In this matrix, river nodes are either connected (1) or they are not (0). To achieve a matrix with connections identifiable as river or land, however, a multiplier matrix was created in Excel. In this ‘Inverse’ matrix, produced using the ‘Find and Replace’ function in Excel, river connection cells are zero and all other cells are one. Using the ‘Command line / matrix algebra’ tool in Ucinet, the ‘Inverse’ matrix is multiplied by the distance matrix to cancel out the distance values where there are river connections. The original river matrix is then added to the distance matrix using the ‘Command line / matrix algebra’ tool. In this network, all nodes are connected to each other by ‘1’ or higher values representing the Euclidean distance between nodes in meters.\"","sources":[{"description":"Farr TG, Rosen PA, Caro E, Crippen R, Duren R, Hensley S, et al. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. Reviews of Geophysics. 2007;45(2).\n5.","sourceTypes":["map","publication","software","topography"]},{"description":"Bak Bl. Magyarország történeti topográfiája : a honfoglalástól 1950-ig. Budapest: Historia- MTA Történettudomány Intézete; 1997.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Györffy G. Az Árpád-kori Magyarország történeti földrajza. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó; 1966.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Gyucha A, Duffy PR, Frolking T. The Körös Basin from the Neolithic to the Hapsburgs: Linking Settlement Distributions with Pre-Regulation Hydrology Through Multiple Data Set Overlay. Geoarchaeology. 2011;26(3):293-419.","sourceTypes":["map","publication"]},{"description":"Borgatti SP, Everett MG, Freeman LC. Ucinet for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis. Harvard, MA.: Analytic Technologies; 2002.","sourceTypes":["software"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1764587234986,"lastEdited":1768470352173}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/24","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":24,"name":"Site Street Networks for Cases from Pre-Industrial Afro-Eurasia","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://rdr.ucl.ac.uk/articles/dataset/The_structure_centrality_and_scale_of_urban_street_networks_Cases_from_Pre-Industrial_Afro-Eurasia_Supplementary_Material/15191601?file=30397572","canonicalCitation":"Altaweel, Mark; Hanson, John; Squitieri, Andrea (2021). The structure, centrality, and scale of urban street networks: Cases from Pre-Industrial Afro-Eurasia: Supplementary Material. University College London. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.5522/04/15191601.v1","description":"\"Cities and towns have often developed infrastructure that enabled a variety of socio-economic interactions. Street networks within these urban settings provide key access to resources, neighborhoods, and cultural facilities. Studies on settlement scaling have also demonstrated that a variety of urban infrastructure and resources indicate clear population scaling relationships in both modern and ancient settings. This article presents an approach that investigates past street network centrality and its relationship to population scaling in urban contexts. Centrality results are compared statistically among different urban settings, which are categorized as orthogonal (i.e., planned) or self-organizing (i.e., organic) urban settings, with places having both characteristics classified as hybrid. Results demonstrate that street nodes have a power law relationship to urban area, where the number of nodes increases and node density decreases in a sub-linear manner for larger sites. Most median centrality values decrease in a negative sub-linear manner as sites are larger, with organic and hybrid urban sites’ centrality being generally less and diminishing more rapidly than orthogonal settings. Diminishing centrality shows comparability to modern urban systems, where larger urban districts may restrict overall interaction due to increasing transport costs over wider areas. Centrality results indicate that scaling results have multiples of approximately ⅙ or ⅓ that are comparable to other urban and road infrastructure, suggesting a potential relationship between different infrastructure features and population in urban centers. The results have implications for archaeological settlements where urban street plans are incomplete or undetermined, as it allows forecasts to be made on past urban sites’ street network centrality. Additionally, a tool to enable analysis of street networks and centrality is provided as part of the contribution.\"\n\nFrom https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0259680","fileFormats":["csv","other"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Mark","lastName":"Altawheel","affiliation":"Institute of Archaeology, University College London, United Kingdom","orcidId":"0000-0003-1807-3737"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Jack","lastName":"Hanson","affiliation":"Department of Classics, University of Reading, United Kingdom","orcidId":null},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Andrea","lastName":"Squitieri","affiliation":"Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, Universität Heidelberg, Munich, Germany","orcidId":"0000-0002-6746-944X"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["cities","roads","street"],"collectionTags":[],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"24","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"The Center of Advanced Studies-Schwerpunkt (Siedlungen zwischen Diversität und Homogenität) from the University of Munich (LMU) provided funding for this effort.","dataPublisher":null,"relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Altaweel M, Hanson J, Squitieri A (2021) The structure, centrality, and scale of urban street networks: Cases from Pre-Industrial Afro-Eurasia. PLoS ONE 16(11): e0259680. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259680","url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0259680"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-2000,"yearTo":1800,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Africa","capital":null,"coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":17.57,"lat":1.65},"iso2":null,"countryId":"PN-AF"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Asia","capital":null,"coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":100.62,"lat":34.05},"iso2":null,"countryId":"PN-AS"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Europe","capital":null,"coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":15.34,"lat":49.74},"iso2":null,"countryId":"PN-EU"}],"networkTopics":["city","roads","streets"],"nodeTopics":["junction","site"],"edgeTopics":["centrality"],"nodeAttributes":["latitude","longitude"],"edgeAttributes":[],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"no","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"yes","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"yes","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":null,"numberOfEdges":null,"numberOfIsolates":0},"construction":{"description":"Data:  The subfolders contain the shapefile data for site street networks. Each subfolder represents a site analysed or where data were gathered. The subfolders also contain network centrality output and other network data; the nodeCentrality.csv file in the output subfolder is the file that contains centrality outputs used in the analysis for each site.\n\ncentrality_results_median.csv:  The file contains centrality results for different urban places collected. Data indicate: the urban name, area, number of nodes (No. Nodes), node density (No. Nodes/Area), different median centrality measures (e.g., betweenness, closeness, etc.), period streets date to, the street period, which is a simplified indication for the main period the street likely dates to, Gini coefficient values that show disparity within centrality values, type of cities (orthogonal, organic, or hybrid (i.e. mixed), region where the data are from, and how complete the data are (complete, mostly complete, or partially complete). References are provided for sources where data are provided. Additionally, a Global Efficiency, which measures how well nodes communicate or connect in a network (Porta et al. 2006), metric is given as a measure for overall centrality, although the values are not used in the research paper’s analysis. \n\nLocations:  This folder provides the shapefile locations of the urban data used.\n\nStreetCentrality.zip:  This is the Python (3.6) project used to conduct the network analysis. The code is provided along with information on running the code and analysis conducted.","sources":[{"description":"Yale University","sourceTypes":["map"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1764590697801,"lastEdited":1768470384420}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/25","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":25,"name":"Exchange Network of Lithic Materials in the Carribean","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10816-019-09423-z#Sec13","canonicalCitation":"Amati, V., Mol, A., Shafie, T. et al. A Framework for Reconstructing Archaeological Networks Using Exponential Random Graph Models. J Archaeol Method Theory 27, 192–219 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-019-09423-z","description":"\"Reconstructing ties between archaeological contexts may contribute to explain and describe a variety of past social phenomena. Several models have been formulated to infer the structure of such archaeological networks. The applicability of these models in diverse archaeological contexts is limited by the restricted set of assumptions that fully determine the mathematical formulation of the models and are often articulated on a dyadic basis. Here, we present a general framework in which we combine exponential random graph models with archaeological substantiations of mechanisms that may be responsible for network formation. This framework may be applied to infer the structure of ancient networks in a large variety of archaeological settings. We use data collected over a set of sites in the Caribbean during the period AD 100–400 to illustrate the steps to obtain a network reconstruction.\"\n\nFrom https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10816-019-09423-z#Sec13","fileFormats":["other"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Viviana","lastName":"Amati","affiliation":"Department of Humanities, Social and Political Sciences, Social Networks Lab, ETH Zurich","orcidId":"0000-0003-1190-1237"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Angus","lastName":"Mol","affiliation":"Leiden University Centre for the Arts in Society","orcidId":"0000-0001-5448-3712"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Termeh","lastName":"Shafie","affiliation":"Department of Social Statistics, Mitchell Centre for Social Network Analysis, University of Manchester","orcidId":"0000-0002-8419-8477"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Corinne","lastName":"Hofman","affiliation":"Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University","orcidId":"0000-0003-4447-5019"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Ulrik","lastName":"Brandes","affiliation":"Department of Humanities, Social and Political Sciences, Social Networks Lab, ETH Zurich,","orcidId":"0000-0002-1520-0430"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["connectivity","lithics"],"collectionTags":[],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"25","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"This research is part of the project NEXUS 1492, which has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013)/ERC grant agreement no. 319209, and the Island Networks project, grant no. 360-62-060 financed by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO).","dataPublisher":null,"relatedPublications":[],"topic":{"yearFrom":100,"yearTo":400,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Antigua and Barbuda","capital":"Saint John's","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-61.8,"lat":17.05},"iso2":"AG","countryId":"AG"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Barbados","capital":"Bridgetown","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-59.53333333,"lat":13.16666666},"iso2":"BB","countryId":"BB"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"British Virgin Islands","capital":"Road Town","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-64.62305,"lat":18.431383},"iso2":"VG","countryId":"VG"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Dominica","capital":"Roseau","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-61.33333333,"lat":15.41666666},"iso2":"DM","countryId":"DM"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Grenada","capital":"St. George's","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-61.66666666,"lat":12.11666666},"iso2":"GD","countryId":"GD"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Guadeloupe","capital":"Basse-Terre","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-61.583333,"lat":16.25},"iso2":"GP","countryId":"GP"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Martinique","capital":"Fort-de-France","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-61,"lat":14.666667},"iso2":"MQ","countryId":"MQ"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Montserrat","capital":"Plymouth","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-62.2,"lat":16.75},"iso2":"MS","countryId":"MS"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Puerto Rico","capital":"San Juan","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-66.5,"lat":18.25},"iso2":"PR","countryId":"PR"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Saint Lucia","capital":"Castries","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-60.96666666,"lat":13.88333333},"iso2":"LC","countryId":"LC"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","capital":"Kingstown","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-61.2,"lat":13.25},"iso2":"VC","countryId":"VC"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Sint Maarten","capital":"Philipsburg","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-63.05,"lat":18.033333},"iso2":"SX","countryId":"SX"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"United States Virgin Islands","capital":"Charlotte Amalie","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-64.933333,"lat":18.35},"iso2":"VI","countryId":"VI"}],"networkTopics":["connectivity"],"nodeTopics":["site"],"edgeTopics":["connection","exchange"],"nodeAttributes":["island","latitude","longitude","name","sub-region"],"edgeAttributes":[],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"directed","weighted":"no","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"yes","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"no","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":15,"numberOfEdges":null,"numberOfIsolates":0},"construction":{"description":"\"Data set used for the illustrative case study. The data set contains information on 15 sites located between Puerto Rico in the northwestern Greater\nAntilles and Grenada in the southern Lesser Antilles. The first two columns report information on the geographical area of the sites: the Antilles sub-regions (Subregion) and the islands (Island) on which the sits are located. The next two columns provide the exact location of the sites in terms of latitude (Latitude) and\nlongitude (Longitude). The next five columns contain information on the role played by the sites in the distribution of five lithic materials: Long Island flint (Long\nIsland), serpentinite (Serpentinite), Saint Martin greenstone (St. Martine Greenstone), carnelian (Carnelian), and amethyst (Amethyst). The classification of the\nsites into supplier (site with lithic workshops), supplier/intermediate, consumer/intermediate, and consumer (site without evidence of stone working) is based on\nstudies of the lithic assemblages of the sites (Knippenberg 2007; Rodríguez Ramos 2007). The last two columns of the data set report information on the quantity\nof finds (Quantity) and the composition of the ceramic assemblages (Cultural affiliation). Those information comes from excavation (see Hofman et al. (2014) and\nHofman et al. (2019)). The data set was created by Corinne Hofman and Angus Mol.\"","sources":[{"description":"Knippenberg, S. (2007). Stone artefact production and exchange among the Lesser Antilles (Vol. 13). Amsterdam University Press.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Rodríguez Ramos, R. (2007). Puerto Rican precolonial history etched in stone (PhD Thesis). University of Florida.","sourceTypes":["publication","thesis"]},{"description":"Hofman, C. L., Mol, A., Ramos, R. R., & Knippenberg, S. (2014). Networks set in stone: Archaic-Ceramic interaction in the early pre-colonial northeastern Caribbean. Archéologie Caraibe, 119.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Hofman, C. L., Borck, L., Slayton, E., & Hoogland, M. L. (2019). Archaic age voyaging, networks, and resource mobility around the Caribbean Sea. In Early Settlers of the Insular Caribbean Dearchaizing the Archaic. Sidestone Press Academics.","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1764594212984,"lastEdited":1768470399925}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/26","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":26,"name":"Network Analysis of Tree-Ring Material Reveals Spatial and Economic Relations of Roman Timber in the Continental North-Western Provinces","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://journal.caa-international.org/articles/10.5334/jcaa.79#additional-file","canonicalCitation":"Visser, R.M. (2021) ‘Dendrochronological Provenance Patterns. Network Analysis of Tree-Ring Material Reveals Spatial and Economic Relations of Roman Timber in the Continental North-Western Provinces’, Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology, 4(1), p. 230–253.","description":"\"Over the last decades, Roman wood in various shapes and sizes has been excavated in the region of the continental north-western provinces of the Roman empire. However, it is often unclear whether wood has been transported. Most dendrochronological provenance studies rely on simple comparisons between tree-ring series based on a single similarity measure. In addition, most fail to consider the complex system of relations that is the result of the variables that influence tree-ring patterns. Network analysis is a solution to this problem, because it allows to both visualize and analyze the complex (provenance) relations of tree-ring series as a whole. A network makes it impossible to ignore existing (statistical) relations between tree-ring series. Although networks can be build using any (combination of) similarity measure(s), in this study a combination of the Synchronous Growth Changes (SGC), its related probability of exceedance (p), correlation (r) and overlap define the edges. This paper focusses on networks with site chronologies as nodes, although networks can also be constructed using individual tree-ring series or a combination with site chronologies. A combination of these can also help to refine the (archaeological) interpretation. The location of any tree-ring series in a network reflects its provenance. Material that is placed closer together in the network has similar growth patterns and is generally from the same region. Therefore, network communities reflect wood that has a similar provenance. If tree-ring material was found on different spatial locations, but in close proximity in the network, this indicates that wood has been moved. To determine which wood has been transported, a combination of archaeological and spatial arguments is used. The method is sound, simple and gives insight in the complexity of all tree-ring relations in a simple diagram. The resulting patterns show that most wood was obtained in the region where it was used, but that transport of wood in the Roman period did take place. Three scales are defined to describe the Roman wood economy: local, provincial and imperial. While transport of wood over long distances is attested for both military and civilian sites (provincial and imperial scale), it seems that wood that was transported beyond the provincial borders was only used in civilian sites (imperial scale). The combination of network science, dendrochronology and archaeology is a powerful method to understand patterns in the Roman timber economy.\"\n\nFrom https://journal.caa-international.org/articles/10.5334/jcaa.79#additional-file","fileFormats":["csv"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Ronald","lastName":"Visser","affiliation":"Saxion University of Applied Sciences: Deventer, NL","orcidId":"0000-0001-6966-1729"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["dendrochronology","provenance","roman","timber"],"collectionTags":["roman-wood"],"images":[],"funding":"Saxion Research Services, grant to publish this paper in Open Access.","dataPublisher":null,"relatedPublications":[],"topic":{"yearFrom":-55,"yearTo":410,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Belgium","capital":"Brussels","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":4,"lat":50.83333333},"iso2":"BE","countryId":"BE"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"France","capital":"Paris","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":2,"lat":46},"iso2":"FR","countryId":"FR"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Germany","capital":"Berlin","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":9,"lat":51},"iso2":"DE","countryId":"DE"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Netherlands","capital":"Amsterdam","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":5.75,"lat":52.5},"iso2":"NL","countryId":"NL"}],"networkTopics":["community","provenance","timber"],"nodeTopics":["site-chronology","timber-samples"],"edgeTopics":["community","connection"],"nodeAttributes":["latitude","longitude"],"edgeAttributes":["length"],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"directed","weighted":"yes","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"yes","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"no","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":null,"numberOfEdges":null,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"\"Networks were created with dendrochronological material as nodes and the edges defined by a combination of noverlap, r, SGC and p of the pair-wise comparison of the dendrochronological material. These were stored in the database and selected for network creation. Since all relations are reciprocal the network is undirected, and duplicate edges have been removed. The networks were created using various levels of testing (as defined by Daly 2007b), resulting in nodes as: Site chronologies, Site chronologies and trees, Trees\"\n\n\"In this paper I will focus on the network of the first level of testing, with each node representing a single site chronology. The edges are based on the comparison of both the C and M chronologies. The other levels are often needed for the (archaeological) interpretation of the network. Initially the edges were selected from the database using r ≥ 0,5, SGC ≥ 70% with p ≤ 0,0001 and noverlap ≥ 50 for each pair-wise comparison. Previous research has shown that wood from the same region often show similarities well above these values (Visser 2006; Vorst 2005). To test these values the combination of thresholds for creating edges was varied, leading to four network-types:\n\nr ≥ 0,5, SGC ≥ 70% with p ≤ 0,0001 and noverlap ≥ 50;\nr ≥ 0,5, SGC ≥ 70% and noverlap ≥ 50;\nr ≥ 0,5, any SGC with p ≤ 0,0001 and noverlap ≥ 50;\nA merged network of 2 and 3.\nThe resulting networks are described using standard variables, such as the number of nodes (N), the number of edges (E), the number of components and the diameter of the network (δ). The average degree (K) describes the degree to which the nodes in the network are connected\"","sources":[{"description":"https://dataverse.nl/dataverse/dccd","sourceTypes":["online_platform"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1764596979517,"lastEdited":1768470421439}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/27","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":27,"name":"Archaeological Similarity Network for pottery decorative techniques time-sequential analysis.","icon":"pottery","dataUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10631656/#sec026","canonicalCitation":"Pereira D, Manen C, Rigaud S. The shaping of social and symbolic capital during the transition to farming in the Western Mediterranean: Archaeological network analyses of pottery decorations and personal ornaments. PLoS One. 2023 Nov 8;18(11):e0294111. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294111. PMID: 37939080; PMCID: PMC10631656.","description":"\"Storing information and circulating it between individuals and groups is a critical behaviour that signals a tipping point in our evolutionary history. Such practices enabled the preservation and consolidation of knowledge over extended periods, facilitating the accumulation of cultural innovations across generations. In this study, we used Social Network Analysis methods to explore how knowledge circulated during the transition to agriculture in the Western Mediterranean region. Previous studies have shown that specific elements of the material culture reveal distinct patterns of cultural interaction among early farming communities. Here, we investigated if two archaeological proxies, personal ornaments and pottery decorations, both with an exclusively symbolic function, reveal different network structures, and if the different degree of connexions acted equally on the transmission of styles, symbols, and network changes over time. Our results relied on cultural data recorded from 77 archaeological occupations covering Italy, France, and Spain, spanning over 1,500 years (ca. 7950~6450 cal BP). By utilizing a chronological dataset comprising 114 radiocarbon dates, we revealed that pottery decorative techniques networks exhibited stronger connexions over space and time, with nodes organized in clear cluster, when compared to personal ornaments networks. The findings highlight the regionalization and fragmentation of cultural networks during the Early Neolithic, and that the transmission of cultural traits within each category of artefact operated through varying cultural and social mechanisms. Pottery expressed a dynamic regional identity, continuously shaped by geographical and chronological proximity, while bead-type associations contributed to enduring identities shared across vast geographical scales. These networks shed light on the multifaceted shaping of social and symbolic capital among the Mediterranean’s early farmers, emphasizing the strength and quality of social ties that existed between communities and the level of reciprocity and cooperation required to foster these diverse social, economic, and cultural development strategies.\"\n\nFrom https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10631656/#sec026","fileFormats":["other","txt","xls"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Daniel","lastName":"Pereira","affiliation":"Université de Bordeaux, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, UMR 5199, Pessac, France","orcidId":"0000-0003-3396-6402"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Claire","lastName":"Manen","affiliation":"Université de Toulouse Jean-Jaurès, Maison de la Recherche, Toulouse, France","orcidId":"0000-0002-7827-8876"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Solange","lastName":"Rigaud","affiliation":"Université de Bordeaux, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, UMR 5199, Pessac, France","orcidId":null}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["archaeology","neolithic","ornaments","pottery"],"collectionTags":["pottery"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"27","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"\"This work was supported by the French National Research Agency under the IDEX Bordeaux NETAWA Emergence project № ANR-10-IDEX-03-02 ‘Out of the Core: Exploring social NETworks at the dawn of Agriculture in Western Asia 10 000 years ago’ [SR], the CNRS Momentum project ‘Symboling and neighboring at the dawn of Agriculture’ [SR] and the Grand Programme de Recherche ‘Human Past’ of the University of Bordeaux [SR].\"","dataPublisher":null,"relatedPublications":[],"topic":{"yearFrom":-6000,"yearTo":-4500,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"France","capital":"Paris","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":2,"lat":46},"iso2":"FR","countryId":"FR"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Italy","capital":"Rome","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":12.83333333,"lat":42.83333333},"iso2":"IT","countryId":"IT"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Spain","capital":"Madrid","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-4,"lat":40},"iso2":"ES","countryId":"ES"}],"networkTopics":["material-similarity","social"],"nodeTopics":["ornaments","pottery"],"edgeTopics":["similarity"],"nodeAttributes":["date","latitude","longitude","time-period"],"edgeAttributes":["weight"],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"no","uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":null,"selfLoops":null,"spatial":null,"longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":null,"hypergraph":null,"signed":null,"probabilistic":null},"size":{"numberOfNodes":69,"numberOfEdges":279,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"\"Our sample is constituted of two previously published datasets [1]: pottery decorative \ntechniques count data and bead-type association presence/absence data.  \nThe Brainerd-Robinson (BR) coefficient of similarity [2–4] is commonly used in \narchaeology [5–7] and more specifically for pairwise comparisons of count data. In this study, \nwe use a rescaled version of the BR [4,8,9], outputted in the interval [0, 1] (worksheet A in S2 \nSupplementary Information), to build the pottery decorative techniques similarity matrix. The \nJaccard similarity index [10,11] is another commonly used index in archaeology [1,12] , more \nspecifically for the pairwise comparison of presence/absence data. This index outputs results \nin the interval [0, 1] (worksheet G in S2 Supplementary Information) [4,10,11,13] and was used \nto build the personal ornaments similarity matrix. \"\n\n\"All the statistics presented above were calculated in the R platform [19] using an adapted and \nextended version of the code presented by Brughmans and Peeples [8,9,20]. All the statistics were \nperformed, except when indicated otherwise, using the threshold matrices. In the main body, for \nbrevity, we refer to the centralities without making reference to them being weighted, even though \nall calculations were made as such. The code can be found in S1 Code.\"","sources":[{"description":"See PDF attached to the Supplementary Material.","sourceTypes":["online_platform","publication","research","software"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1764668346690,"lastEdited":1768470437626}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/28","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":28,"name":"Site Network Connected by Hollow-ways in Turkey","icon":"transportation","dataUrl":"https://github.com/dpriss/Filling_the_gaps","canonicalCitation":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13825544","description":"\"Networks are increasingly used to describe and analyse complex archaeological data in terms of nodes (archaeological sites or places) and edges (representing relationships or connections between each pair of nodes). Network analysis can then be applied to express local and global properties of the system, including structure (e.g. modularity) or connectivity. However, the usually high amount of missing data in archaeology and the uncertainty they cause make it difficult to obtain meaningful and robust results from the statistical methods utilised in the field of network analysis. Hence, we present in this paper manual and computational methods to (1) fill gaps in the settlement record and (2) reconstruct an ancient route system to retrieve a network that is as complete as possible. Our study focuses on the sites and routes, so-called hollow ways, in the Khabur Valley, Mesopotamia, during the Bronze and Iron Age as one of the most intensively surveyed areas worldwide. We were able to predict additional sites that were missing from the record as well as develop an innovative hybrid approach to complement the partly preserved hollow way system by integrating a manual and computational procedure. The set of methods we used can be adapted to significantly enhance the description of many other cases, and with appropriate extensions successfully tackle almost any archaeological region.\"\n\nFrom https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10816-024-09688-z#Abs1","fileFormats":["csv","other"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Deborah","lastName":"Priß","affiliation":"Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, UK","orcidId":"0000-0002-3801-9693"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"John","lastName":"Wainwright","affiliation":"Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, UK","orcidId":null},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Dan","lastName":"Lawrence","affiliation":"Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, UK","orcidId":"0000-0001-5613-1243"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Laura","lastName":"Turnbull","affiliation":"Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, UK","orcidId":null},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Christina","lastName":"Prell","affiliation":"Department of Cultural Geography, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands","orcidId":"0000-0003-2693-0065"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Christodoulos","lastName":"Karittevlis","affiliation":"AAI Scientific Cultural Services Ltd., Nicosia, Cyprus","orcidId":"0009-0007-5347-9122"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Andreas","lastName":"Ioannides","affiliation":"AAI Scientific Cultural Services Ltd., Nicosia, Cyprus","orcidId":"0000-0002-8474-8707"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["hollow-ways","prediction","sites"],"collectionTags":[],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"28","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 859937.","dataPublisher":"Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 2024.","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Priß, D., Wainwright, J., Lawrence, D. et al. Filling the Gaps—Computational Approaches to Incomplete Archaeological Networks. J Archaeol Method Theory 32, 19 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-024-09688-z","url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10816-024-09688-z#Abs1"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-3000,"yearTo":-600,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Iraq","capital":"Baghdad","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":44,"lat":33},"iso2":"IQ","countryId":"IQ"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Syria","capital":"Damascus","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":38,"lat":35},"iso2":"SY","countryId":"SY"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Türkiye","capital":"Ankara","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":35,"lat":39},"iso2":"TR","countryId":"TR"}],"networkTopics":["connectivity","roads"],"nodeTopics":["settlement","site"],"edgeTopics":["hollow-ways","road"],"nodeAttributes":["latitude","longitude","name","size","time-period"],"edgeAttributes":[],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"no","uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"directed and undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"yes","longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":"no","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"yes"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":1010,"numberOfEdges":1432,"numberOfIsolates":528},"construction":{"description":"\"The script for the site algorithm needs to be run first to predict potential missing sites that can then be included in the hollow way algorithm. All files should be loaded into one folder. For those scripts, MatLab Version R2019b is required. All the .m files should be opened in one MatLab project. Main_programm.m is the main script which draws from the additional .m scripts and can be run either as a whole or in batches as desired. The scripts for the hollow way algorithm are numbered in their chronological order, i.e. “1.Site_data_preparation” should be run first and “4.Path_analysis” should be run last. “5.Descriptive_network_analysis” contains optional code to analyse the resulting data as presented in the paper but can be omitted or adjusted.\n\nThe input data for the individual scripts is provided in the folder “Data” in this repository. Input for the scripts “3.Network_extraction_from_shapefile” and “4.Path_analysis” is created in the respective previous script.\n\nIn script “1.Site data preparation”, the available site data from three distinctive sources are formatted and adjusted so that they can be merged into one coherent file. Fur this purpose, attributes are aligned, duplicates removed and as much information for individual sites drawn into one file.\n\nIn script “2.Connecting_hollow_ways”, the resulting site data from the previous step are used together with the original hollow way data to connect the hollow way segments into longer routes. In this process, sites and adjacent hollow ways are connected as well to form the basis for the network graphs. The hollow ways are stored as polylines.\n\nIn “3.Network_extraction_from_shapefile”, the networks created from connecting the hollow ways and the hollow ways and sites are converted from shapefiles to network graphs. This step is necessary to allow further analysis with R packages for network analysis, such as igraph or network.\n\nIn “4.Path_analysis”, an inherent issue of the networks is solved: as the computational procedure for the connection of the hollow ways leads to a high amount of superfluous connections (see paper), the result is messy and the analysis of the data becomes time- and resource-intensive. To clean the hollow way data set, a procedure was therefore developed to extract only the simple paths between all sites of the network, thereby reducing the hollow way data set significantly.\n\nIn “5.Descriptive_network_analysis”, the code for the analysis conducted in the paper is presented. However, depending on the requirements of the study and the research questions, this analysis can be either omitted, reduced or altered.\nThe Site Algorithm (site prediction) was developed in MatLab 2019b (The MathWorks Inc., 2019) with the toolboxes Image Processing 11.0 and Statistics and Machine Learning 11.6.\n\nData and scripts are available on GitHub (https://github.com/dpriss/Filling_the_gaps) and on Zenodo (https://zenodo.org/records/13825544).\"","sources":[{"description":"https://github.com/dpriss/Filling_the_gaps","sourceTypes":["publication","repository"]},{"description":"Pedersen, O. (2012). Ancient near East on Google Earth: Problems, preliminary results, and prospects. In Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: 12 April - 16 April 2010, the British Museum and UCL, London, Fielworks and recent research (pp. 385–393). https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-172607","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"https://zenodo.org/records/13825544","sourceTypes":["publication","repository"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1764672956208,"lastEdited":1768470461844}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/29","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":29,"name":"Network Exploring Stylistic Variability of Fifth and Sixth Century Broches in Post-Roman Europe","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10816-019-09441-x#Sec10","canonicalCitation":"Martin, T.F. Casting the Net Wider: Network Approaches to Artefact Variation in Post-Roman Europe. J Archaeol Method Theory 27, 861–886 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-019-09441-x","description":"\"This paper explores the stylistic variability of fifth- and sixth-century brooches in Europe using network visualisations, suggesting an alternative means of study, which for more than a century has been dominated by typology. It is suggested that network methods and related theories offer alternative conceptual models that encourage original ways of exploring material that has otherwise become canonical. Foremost is the proposal that objects of personal adornment like brooches were a means of competitive display through which individuals mediated social relationships within and beyond their immediate communities, and in so doing formed surprisingly far-flung networks. The potential sizes of these networks varied according to their location in Europe, with particularly large distances of up to 1000 km achieved in Scandinavia and continental Europe. In addition, an overall tendency toward the serial reproduction of particular forms in the mid-sixth century has broader consequences for how we understand the changing nature of social networks in post-Roman Europe.\"\n\nFrom https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10816-019-09441-x#Sec10","fileFormats":["xls"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Toby","lastName":"Martin","affiliation":"Department for Continuing Education, University of Oxford, United Kingdom","orcidId":"0000-0002-8820-1899"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["broches","ornaments","post-roman"],"collectionTags":["ornaments"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"29","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"This paper was developed during a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Oxford’s School of Archaeology funded by the British Academy.","dataPublisher":null,"relatedPublications":[],"topic":{"yearFrom":401,"yearTo":600,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Europe","capital":null,"coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":15.34,"lat":49.74},"iso2":null,"countryId":"PN-EU"}],"networkTopics":["material-similarity"],"nodeTopics":["artefact"],"edgeTopics":["similarity","stylistic-similarity"],"nodeAttributes":["context","country","latitude","longitude","name","time-period"],"edgeAttributes":["similarity"],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"no","uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"directed and undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"yes","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"no","hypergraph":null,"signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":400,"numberOfEdges":49000,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"\"In the networks presented below, each individual brooch is conceived as a ‘node’, and each stylistic similarity with another item is conceived as connection, or an ‘edge’, whose ‘strength’ varies according to the measure of that similarity (for terminology see Brughmans 2012 and Collar et al. 2015). In order to perform such an analysis, each object was divided into a number of fields supplied by the components of the overall design: the headplate outer frame, inner frame and central panel; the bow; the lappets; the lobes; the foot; and the terminal, as illustrated in Fig. 4. Because their form defines these fields, they will be referred to as ‘formal components’. Not all examples, even if they were complete, necessarily possessed all eight of these formal components, but this is not important, as it permits only minor asymmetries in the data. This division permits a maximum number of eight possible counts on which any number of brooches can be compared, providing a score between one and eight for the strength of the relationship between any two brooches. In other words, the strength of each ‘edge’ can vary between one and eight, where eight is the strongest and will be coloured darkest in the following diagrams. With this basic structure defined, the stylistic varieties of each formal component were classified according to their design, based on the presence of a particular ‘motif’. While there is not room here to detail every motif, a small number of illustrative examples are given in Fig. 4, their quantities are summarised in Table 2 and the classificatory data is included in full in the electronic supplementary material (Online Resource 1). Figure 5 illustrates the range of variation within a very small sample of the motif classifications. A total of 288 motifs were designated across all eight formal components, each of which occurred on at least two brooches in the sample of 408 complete and unique items. As can be seen, some formal components exhibited more variation than others, with the central panel of the headplates being particularly open to experimentation, and lobes and terminals being decorated using a smaller repertoire of motifs.\"","sources":[{"description":"Sjøvold, T. (1993). The Scandinavian relief brooches of the migration period. Oslo: Institutt for arkeologi, kunsthistorie og numismatikk oldsaksamlingen.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Hines, J. (1997). A new corpus of Anglo-Saxon great square-headed brooches. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Leigh, D. (1980). The square-headed brooches of sixth-century Kent. PhD thesis, University of Cardiff.","sourceTypes":["publication","thesis"]},{"description":"Koch, A. (1998). Bügelfibeln der Merowingerzeit im westlichen Frankenreich. Mainz: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Kühn, H. (1965). Die Germanischen Bügelfibeln der Völkerwanderungszeit in der Rheinprovinz. Graz: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Kühn, H. (1974). Die Germanischen Bügelfibeln der Völkeranderungszeit in Süddeutschland. Graz: Akedemische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Haseloff, G. (1981). Die Germanische Tierornamentik der Völkerwanderungszeit: Studien zu Salin’s Styl I. Berlin: De Gruyter.","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1764676748169,"lastEdited":1768470495543}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/31","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":31,"name":"Social Network of Elites During the Han Dynasty","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/V9CIJ5","canonicalCitation":"Li, Yunxin, 2023, \"Han Elites' Social Network Dataset\", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/V9CIJ5, Harvard Dataverse, V4, UNF:6:Bwj9vEMy+Ip3nGphwvq6qg== [fileUNF]","description":"\"Social networks were heavily intertwined with elites’ social status and political power throughout the Han dynasty. This article introduces the Han Elites’ Social Network Dataset, an open-access dataset that the author collected primarily through manual labor. It contains data on Han elites’ marriage, kinship, patron-client, teacher-disciple, friendship, and recommender-nominee relationships. The article then visualizes and analyzes these social networks in relation to Han politics. It argues that social networks provided individuals with channels for upward social mobility and access to political careers, and that the reliance on different types of networks contributed to the formation of political cliques as well as the growing conflict between the inner court and the outer court.\"\n\nFrom https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.113#abstract","fileFormats":["csv","tsv"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Yunxin","lastName":"Li","affiliation":"Simmons University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","orcidId":"0009-0006-4833-4247"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC0-1.0","name":"Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.json"},"tags":["kinship","social_network"],"collectionTags":["han-dynasty"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"31","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"This project was completed under the support of Stanford University’s Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis and Simmons University’s Faculty Fund for Research.","dataPublisher":"Harvard Dataverse","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Elites’ Social Networks and Politics in the Han Empire (202 B.C.E.–220 C.E.). Journal of Open Humanities Data, 9: 12, 2023, pp. 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.113doi: https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.113","url":"https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.113#abstract"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-202,"yearTo":220,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"China","capital":"Beijing","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":105,"lat":35},"iso2":"CN","countryId":"CN"}],"networkTopics":["friendship","kinship","marriage","patron-client","teacher-disciple"],"nodeTopics":["individual","person"],"edgeTopics":["social-connection"],"nodeAttributes":["gender","hometown","name","time-period"],"edgeAttributes":["relationships"],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"no","uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"directed and undirected","weighted":"no","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"no","longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":"yes","hypergraph":null,"signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":1187,"numberOfEdges":1441,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"“Records of marriages in Shi ji, Han shu, and Hou Han shu are focused on the upper elite, especially members of the imperial lineage and consort families. As a result, the imperial lineage has the highest number of connections with other families and plays a central role in the structure of this marriage network.”\n\n“My analysis of the teacher-disciple networks during the Han is based on a close reading of ‘The Biographies of Ru Scholars’ in Shi ji, Han shu, Hou Han shu; the early Tang scholar Lu Deming’s Jing dian shi wen… and the ‘Treatise of Literature’ in Sui shu… I identified 325 scholars and 329 pairs of teacher–disciple relationships from these sources.”\n\n“Because the Western Han scholarly lineages are more completely recorded in the sources and Western Han scholars mostly specialized in only one classic, the schools of the Western Han are much better represented in the graph than those of the Eastern Han. This does not mean these classics were less studied in the Eastern Han… the names of most Eastern Han scholars are not recorded in the sources and thus not visualized in the graph.”\n\n“Whether Han sources refer to the relationship between two individuals as ‘was friends with,’ ‘was on good terms with,’ ‘wandered with,’ or ‘colluded with,’ it can be interpreted as friendship… I do not intend to probe into the essence of these relationships. Instead, the connection… only indicates that these two individuals were considered as in a close relationship by contemporary observers and that this relationship is distinguishable from other types of relationships in this study.”\n\n“It is difficult and unnecessary to visualize the patronage network between the patrons and their ke, given that the number of clients that a patron had is unclear, not to mention that most of the clients’ names are not recorded in historical texts.”","sources":[{"description":"Wei, Zheng 魏徵, et al. (Punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) \n(1973). Sui shu 隋書. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 656 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["archival","publication"]},{"description":"Cai, Liang. (2014). Witchcraft and the Rise of the First Confucian Empire. State University of \nNew York Press.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Li, Yunxin, 2023, \"Han Elites' Social Network Dataset\", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/V9CIJ5, Harvard Dataverse, V4, UNF:6:Bwj9vEMy+Ip3nGphwvq6qg== [fileUNF]","sourceTypes":["dataset"]},{"description":"Cai, Liang. (2019). ―Ru Scholars, Social Networks, and Bureaucracy: Donghai 東海 Men and \nModels for Success in Western Han China (206 b.c.e.-9 c.e.).‖ Early China, 237-271. \nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/eac.2019.8","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Liu, Z. 劉增貴. (1980). Han dai hun yin zhi du 漢代婚姻制度. Taipei: hua shi chu ban she.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Ban, Gu 班固. Han shu 漢書 (punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) \n(1962). Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 54-80 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Chen, Suzhen 陳蘇鎮. ―Lun dong han wai qi zheng zhi‖ 論東漢外戚政治 (2013). In Chen \nSuzhen, Liang han wei jin nan bei chao shi tan you 兩漢魏晉南北朝史探幽 (pp.73-110). \nBeijing: Beijing da xue chu ban she, 2013.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Ebrey, Patricia. (1983). Patron Client Relations in the Later Han. Journal of the American \nOriental Society, 103(3), 533-542. https://doi.org/10.2307/602034","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Fan, Ye 范曄. Hou han shu 後漢書 (punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial \nteam.) (1965). Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 424-445 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Lewis, Mark Edward (2021). Honor and Shame in Early China. Cambridge University Press.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Liu, Zenggui 劉增貴. (1980). Han dai hun yin zhi du 漢代婚姻制度. Taipei: hua shi chu ban \nshe.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Masubuchi, Tatsuo 増淵龍夫. (1960.) Chūgoku kodai no shakai to kokka: Shin Kan teikoku \nseiritsu katei no shakaishiteki kenkyū 中国古代の社会と国家: 秦漢帝国成立過程の社\n会史的研究. Tōkyō: Kōbundō.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Sima, Qian 司馬遷 (Punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) (1982). Shi \nji 史記. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju, 1982. (Original work published ca. 91 B.C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Wang, Xianshen 王先慎. (Punctuated and collated by Zhong, Zhe 鍾哲.) (1998). Han Fei zi ji jie \n韓非子集解. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published 1896 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1764684099787,"lastEdited":1768470518066}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/32","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":32,"name":"Network of Bell Beakers Changing Social Connectivity","icon":"pottery","dataUrl":"https://zenodo.org/records/8116301","canonicalCitation":"Joaquín Jiménez-Puerto, & Joan Bernabeu Aubán. (2023). Linking up Bell beakers in the Iberian Peninsula: Supplementary Material (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8116301","description":"\"Many studies in complexity theory employ agent-based models whose interactions can be expressed as networks. In such models, the pattern of interactions between actors is crucial, and the network topology that emerges from the raw data can be characterized through many metrics. There is one tool that has been previously employed in Archaeology studies and has the potential to deal with networks in social contexts at different scales of analysis: social network analysis (SNA). This discipline has been applied successfully in wide range of archaeological problems, providing valuable insights and a different perspective. It also could be useful to provide quantification to concepts associated with social complexity, such as robustness, resilience, and edge-of-chaos threshold. In this work, we will propose some methodologic possibilities to approximate some of these concepts through SNA. In order to illustrate the process, we will present a case study from the Copper Age in the Iberian Peninsula: Bell beaker phase.\"\n\nFrom https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10816-023-09625-6#Abs1","fileFormats":["other","xls"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Joaquín","lastName":"Jiménez-Puerto","affiliation":"Department of Prehistory, Archaeology and Ancient History (PREMEDOC Research Group), University of Valencia, Spain","orcidId":"0000-0001-9760-9602"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Joan Bernabeu","lastName":"Aubán","affiliation":"Department of Prehistory, Archaeology and Ancient History (PREMEDOC Research Group), University of Valencia, Spain","orcidId":"0000-0002-5742-8708"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["bronze-age","neolithic","pottery","spain"],"collectionTags":["pottery"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"32","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This study has been funded under the research project Prometeo 2021/007: Neonets. A social network approach to understanding evolutive dynamics of neolithic societies (c. 5600-2000 cal BC), financed by the Valencian Ministry of Innovation, Universities, Science and Societies.","dataPublisher":null,"relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Jiménez-Puerto, J., Aubán, J.B. Linking Up Bell Beakers in the Iberian Peninsula. J Archaeol Method Theory 30, 1200–1232 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-023-09625-6","url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10816-023-09625-6#Abs1"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-2500,"yearTo":-2050,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Spain","capital":"Madrid","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-4,"lat":40},"iso2":"ES","countryId":"ES"}],"networkTopics":["connectivity","material-similarity"],"nodeTopics":["cave-level","grave","pit","site"],"edgeTopics":["similarity"],"nodeAttributes":["centrality","decorative-technique","latitude","longitude","time-period"],"edgeAttributes":["similarity"],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"no","uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"yes","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"no","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":119,"numberOfEdges":1152,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"“The sample comprises exclusively Bell Beaker decorated ceramics. The sample … is a subset of a larger open-access database … and it contains information from 99 archaeological contexts.”\n“The Bell Beaker vessels included were all complete enough to consider the techniques used to decorate them. Small fragments and those that did not provide suitable information were ruled out.”\n“As the Jaccard index has been calculated, the final information was limited to the presence-absence of the studied decorative types in each archaeological level.”\n“The similarity coefficient used to conduct that study is the Jaccard … as it does not take into account the absolute frequencies in the calculation, but … the presence-absence of each item.”\n“The Jaccard coefficient also needs to be normalized to compensate for the variability between the chronological windows with few variables present, so we have used the formula proposed in previous studies.”\n“We have set a threshold of 0.25 to accept a prediction… The threshold value selection follows no specific statistical criterion and we have followed the recommendations of the creators of the method.”\n“Once each context has its chronological attribution, the next step is the composition of the similarity networks that are used to perform the SNA.”\n“The networks have been arranged according to their geographical situation, using the Gephi application… Once composed of the networks corresponding to each window, some metrics have been analyzed to determine the diachronic evolution.”","sources":[{"description":"Jiménez-Puerto, J. (2022b). Bell Beaker data base for the Iberian Peninsula Eastern Seaboard. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7904732","sourceTypes":["publication","repository"]},{"description":"Jiménez-Puerto, J., & Bernabeu Aubán, J. (2023). Linking up Bell Beakers in the Iberian Peninsula: Supplementary material. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.8116301","sourceTypes":["publication","repository"]},{"description":"Rojo-Guerra, M. et al. (2005). El Campaniforme en la Península Ibérica y su contexto europeo. – includes several Bell Beaker contexts and dates used in the radiocarbon table.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Bueno Ramírez, P. et al. (2005). Beaker ritual, collective ritual: the Necropolis of artificial caves of the Higueras Valley, Huecas, Toledo. – source for Valle de las Higueras radiocarbon determinations.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Pérez-Jordà, G. et al. (2011). La Vital (Gandía, Valencia). Vida y muerte en la desembocadura del Serpis… – provides data for the La Vital site.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Pardo-Gordó, S., Bernabeu Aubán, J., Jiménez-Puerto, J., et al. (2022). Automatic Bayesian chronology procedure used for period attribution.","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1764759372710,"lastEdited":1768470542971}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/33","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":33,"name":"350,000 sherds from the Southern Appalachian region to investigate how decisions related to manufacture choice and to stylistic design","icon":"pottery","dataUrl":"https://zenodo.org/records/7900872","canonicalCitation":"Holland-Lulewicz. (2023). Supplemental Material for Manuscript: The Heterogeneity of Social Network and Institutional Covariance in the American Southeast [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7900872","description":"\"Social, political, and economic institutions covary with one another in heterogenous ways across space and time. Social Network Analysis (SNA) offers a set of analytical tools and conceptual frameworks that have allowed for formal comparisons of interactions, affiliations, and relationships in reconstructing historical trajectories of institutional change. Although archaeologists have made full use of a range of metrics that describe the structural variation of social networks, formal approaches to analyzing the covariance of networks, and the institutions that structured networks in the past, remain undertheorized. In most cases, descriptive metrics are compared between networks built from different datasets or networks separated in time. Using quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) correlations to compare matrices of archaeological data, I draw on a ceramic dataset of approximately 350,000 sherds from the Southern Appalachian region to investigate how decisions related to manufacture choice and to stylistic design covaried with one another between roughly AD 800 and 1650. I explore how material attributes may or may not vary independently of one another and what that means for our analyses of the institutions they reflect. The results contribute to broader comparative analyses of institutional change and perennial discussions of social evolution.\"\n\nFrom https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-antiquity/article/heterogeneity-of-social-network-and-institutional-covariance-in-the-american-southeast/DDBE6EB4D61B30CBF6BB6F4F83F2727D","fileFormats":["csv","other"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Jacob","lastName":"Holland-Lulewicz","affiliation":"The Pennsylvania State University, PA, US","orcidId":"0000-0002-0389-9846"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["political-institutions","pottery"],"collectionTags":["pottery"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"33","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"The research reported here was funded in part by an NSF-DDRI grant (Award #1644359).","dataPublisher":"Zenodo","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Holland-Lulewicz J. The Heterogeneity of Social Network and Institutional Covariance in the American Southeast. American Antiquity. 2023;88(4):513-530. doi:10.1017/aaq.2023.52","url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-antiquity/article/heterogeneity-of-social-network-and-institutional-covariance-in-the-american-southeast/DDBE6EB4D61B30CBF6BB6F4F83F2727D"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":800,"yearTo":1650,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"United States","capital":"Washington D.C.","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-97,"lat":38},"iso2":"US","countryId":"US"}],"networkTopics":["connectivity","social"],"nodeTopics":["decoration","pottery","site"],"edgeTopics":["similarity"],"nodeAttributes":["surface-decoration","temper","time-period"],"edgeAttributes":["similarity"],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"no","uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"no","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"yes","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":110,"numberOfEdges":null,"numberOfIsolates":0},"construction":{"description":"\"The files in this folder contain all of the data used to conduct analyses and produce the figures presented in the above manuscript. There are six datasets included. Each dataset is a matrix of Brainerd-Robinson similarity values for ceramic assemblages from archaeological sites across Southern Appalachia. Three of these matrices are for similarities of temper across these ceramic assemblages assigned to the three time periods considered (T1: AD 800-1050, T2: AD 1050-1325, T3: AD 1325-1650). The other three matrices are for similarities of surface decoration across ceramic assemblages from the same sites assigned to the three time periods considered.\n\nThe data are included in two forms. Each matrix is included as a .csv file and as a UCINET file. The UCINET files are comprised of two parts, a ##d file and an ##h file. Both are required to open the datasets in UCINET and in NetDraw (UCINET’s visualization component).\"\n\"“The Southern Appalachian Social Networks Project was designed and undertaken to explore long-term changes to social and political networks across the Southern Appalachian region of northern Georgia and eastern Tennessee between approximately AD 800 and 1650. Networks were built from ceramic data (described below) from roughly 100 Ancestral Muskogean towns to assess different kinds of social capital that underwrote regional politics. Using a matrix of Brainerd–Robinson values representing similarities between ceramic assemblages at the component level, network graphs were produced. All of the network measures were calculated using weighted data—the actual Brainerd–Robinson values for each matrix. All matrices used to produce the networks, metrics, and figures are provided as both .csv and UCINET files, archived at Zenodo (Holland-Lulewicz 2023). Analyses and visualizations were produced using UCINET (Borgatti et al. 2002).”","sources":[{"description":"Holland-Lulewicz. (2023). Supplemental Material for Manuscript: The Heterogeneity of Social Network and Institutional Covariance in the American Southeast [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7900872","sourceTypes":["repository"]},{"description":"Borgatti, Stephen P., Everett, Martin G., and Freeman, Linton C.. 2002. UCINET for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis. Analytic Technologies, Harvard, Massachusetts. https://sites.google.com/site/ucinetsoftware/home, accessed August 11, 2023.","sourceTypes":["software"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1764761999882,"lastEdited":1768470567774}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/34","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":34,"name":"A network approach to zooarchaeological datasets and human-centered ecosystems","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7948824","canonicalCitation":"Isabelle Holland-Lulewicz, & Jacob Holland-Lulewicz. (2023). Supplemental Material for Manuscript: A Network Approach to Zooarchaeological Datasets and Human-Centered Ecosystems [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7948824","description":"\"Zooarchaeological datasets are often large, complex, and difficult to visualize and communicate. Many visual aids and summaries often limit the patterns that can be identified and mask interpretations of relationships between contexts, species, and environmental information. The most commonly used of these often include bar charts, pie charts, and other such graphs that aid in categorizing data and highlighting the differences or similarities between categories. While such simplification is often necessary for effective communication, it can also obscure the full range of complexity of zooarchaeological datasets and the human-environment dynamics they reflect. In this paper, we demonstrate the utility of formal network graphs to capturing the complexity of zooarchaeological datasets and to effectively highlighting the kinds of relationships between contexts, time, and faunal assemblages in which zooarchaeologists are primarily interested. Using a case study from southwestern Florida (USA), we argue that network graphs provide a quick solution to visualizing the structure of zooarchaeological datasets and serve as a useful aid in interpreting patterns that represent fundamental reflections of human-centered ecosystems.\"\n\nFrom https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10729997/#abstract1","fileFormats":["csv","net"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Isabelle","lastName":"Holland-Lulewicz","affiliation":"The Pennsylvania State University, PA, US","orcidId":"0000-0003-3326-5913"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Jacob","lastName":"Holland-Lulewicz","affiliation":"The Pennsylvania State University, PA, US","orcidId":"0000-0002-0389-9846"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["zooarchaeology"],"collectionTags":[],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"34","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"\"The authors received no specific funding for this work.\"","dataPublisher":"Zenodo","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Holland-Lulewicz, I., & Holland-Lulewicz, J. (2023). A network approach to zooarchaeological datasets and human-centered ecosystems in southwestern Florida. PloS one, 18(12), e0295906. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295906","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10729997/#abstract1"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":150,"yearTo":1800,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"United States","capital":"Washington D.C.","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-97,"lat":38},"iso2":"US","countryId":"US"}],"networkTopics":["assemblage-similarity","ecological-networks","socio-ecological-networks"],"nodeTopics":["site","species"],"edgeTopics":["similarity"],"nodeAttributes":["archaeological-feature","geographical-locations","time-period"],"edgeAttributes":["relationship-strength","similarity","species-overlap"],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"no","uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"no","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"no","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":null,"numberOfEdges":null,"numberOfIsolates":0},"construction":{"description":"“Networks are built from simple data tables, or matrices, such as a species list indicating MNI or presence/absence for each species within particular contexts. In some cases, ties represent the presence of a specific species in a specific context or habitat. In other cases, ties represent a certain cutoff point of percent MNI for a specific context. Another example may be a similarity matrix, where rows and columns both represent species, and the values within the matrix represent how similar those species are in regard to the contexts in which they are found.”\n“We use two different kinds of networks: two-mode networks contain two different kinds of nodes with ties between different classes of nodes; a one-mode network is a transformation of a two-mode network where only a single kind of node is depicted.”\n“For the graphs we build here, nodes might represent specific contexts, specific species, or specific habitats.”\n“All data is archived on Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7948824.”","sources":[{"description":"deFrance S, Walker KJ. The zooarchaeology of Pineland. In: Marquardt WH, Walker KJ, editors. The archaeology of Pineland: A coastal southwest Florida site complex, AD 50–1710. Monograph 4, Institute of Archaeology and Paleoenvironmental Studies, University of Florida: Gainesville; 2013. pp. 305–348.","sourceTypes":["faunal-assemblages","publication","zooarchaeological-data"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1764773009659,"lastEdited":1768470589171}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/35","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":35,"name":"Social Networks from Cultural Similarities on the Neolithisation Process in the Western Mediterranean","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://github.com/MBarreraCruz/SNA_Geometrics.git","canonicalCitation":"https://github.com/MBarreraCruz/SNA_Geometrics#\nOr\nBarrera-Cruz, M., García-Puchol, O., Jiménez-Puerto, J., Cortell-Nicolau, A., & Bernabeu-Aubán, J. (2024). Weaving social networks from cultural similarities on the neolithisation process in the Western Mediterranean: Evolutionary trajectories using projectile tools. PloS one, 19(7), e0306027. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306027","description":"\"In this paper, we concentrate on the neolithisation process in Mediterranean Iberia through a diachronic view (from 8600–6800 cal. BP), focusing on social interaction as a factor in articulating new cultural ties. To do this, we apply techniques centred on similarities in material culture by applying Social Network Analysis (SNA). For the first time, we point to the geometric projectiles, taking into account their recurrence in both Mesolithic and Neolithic groups as part of their characteristic hunting equipment. We hypothesise that patterns of cultural variability would express the changing flow of information between communities according to their mobility strategies (last hunter-gatherer groups), including economic and social behaviour, and that these relationships will be restructured with the arrival of the newcomer farmers and herders and their new spatial and social arrangement. The results obtained allow us to describe a connected and homogeneous Late Mesolithic network dramatically structured by the Neolithic arrival. Since then, a heterogenous pattern emerged, involving connected periods, network ruptures, and small-world phenomena. The emergence of this characteristic could support the flow of information when the network presents a clustered structure, the last probably due to regionalisation events. These diachronic dynamics fit well with demographic and socioecological trends observed from regional literature.\"\n\nFrom https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11288410/#abstract1","fileFormats":["csv","other"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"María","lastName":"Barrera-Cruz","affiliation":"Universidad de Valencia, Spain","orcidId":"0000-0003-4928-5070"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Oreto","lastName":"García Puchol","affiliation":"Universidad de Valencia, Spain","orcidId":"0000-0001-9716-6039"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Alfredo","lastName":"Cortell-Nicolau","affiliation":"Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Germany","orcidId":"0000-0003-1982-6403"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Joan Bernabeu","lastName":"Auban","affiliation":"Universidad de Valencia, Spain","orcidId":"0000-0002-5742-8708"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Joaquín","lastName":"Jiménez-Puerto","affiliation":"Universidad de Valencia, Spain","orcidId":"0000-0001-9760-9602"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["mesolithic","neolithic","social_network"],"collectionTags":[],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"35","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"Generalitat Valenciana project (Prometeo/2021/007) NeoNetS “A Social Network Approach to Understanding the Evolutionary Dynamics of Neolithic Societies (C. 7600-4000 cal. BP)”, and Spanish Government project PID2021-127731NB-C21 EVOLMED “Evolutionary cultural patterns in the contexts of the neolithisation process in the Westen Mediterranean”, MCIN/AI/10.13039/ 501100011033 ERDF A way of making Europe. MBC is supported by a Ministry of Science and Innovation pre-doctoral grant PRE2019-089561.","dataPublisher":"Github","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Barrera-Cruz, M., García-Puchol, O., Jiménez-Puerto, J., Cortell-Nicolau, A., & Bernabeu-Aubán, J. (2024). Weaving social networks from cultural similarities on the neolithisation process in the Western Mediterranean: Evolutionary trajectories using projectile tools. PloS one, 19(7), e0306027. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306027","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11288410/#abstract1"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-8600,"yearTo":-6800,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Portugal","capital":"Lisbon","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-8,"lat":39.5},"iso2":"PT","countryId":"PT"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Spain","capital":"Madrid","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-4,"lat":40},"iso2":"ES","countryId":"ES"}],"networkTopics":["cultural-transmission","material-similarity","neolithisation-process","social","temporal-network"],"nodeTopics":["assemblages"],"edgeTopics":["diachronic-connectivity","similarity"],"nodeAttributes":["archaeological-level","name","phase","time-period"],"edgeAttributes":["similarity"],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"yes","longitudinal":"yes","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"yes","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":77,"numberOfEdges":182,"numberOfIsolates":0},"construction":{"description":"\"Data was collected from primary and bibliographic sources (see details in Table 1). Analysis was developed using R statistical language [49] and Gephi software [50] (details specified below). Script and data are included in the supplementary material to promote a fully reproducible study.\"\n\"Once the adjacency matrices were constructed, the second phase, which covers the network construction, was developed with Gephi [50]. In this case, because this study does not consider the direction of the interaction, we have built an undirected network for every time-bin.\n\nAs part of analysing the obtained networks, we calculated several structural measures to determine the diachronic evolution. Fig 3 presents the calculated metrics for describing the evolution of the social network. By calculating these metrics, we intend to decode the evolution of the network at different scales, namely, macroscale (structure), which includes those metrics that allow us to know the general structure of the network, and microscale (node level), which consists of those metrics that reveal the role played by the different nodes in the network of which it is a part.\"\n\n\"The intention is to test whether our observed networks have the properties of a small-world network. Thus, following Buchanan’s [23] approach, the clustering coefficient from the original networks should be higher than the random values; however, in the case of APL, the comparison is more complex because even though small-world have a low APL, it is not enough to compare original APL values with random APL values since random ones typically have shorter APL than real networks [23]. Therefore, the original network needs to have a pretty low APL to be lower than the average random APL. Likewise, we could not discard small-world in cases when the original APL were higher than random.\"\n\n\"To avoid the previous situation, we follow Buchanan et al., [23], who incorporate in the small-world test protocol some additional calculations, including the coefficient σ from Watts and Strogatz [70]. The small-world coefficient σ is the ratio of the clustering coefficient of the original network and an equivalent random network divided by the ratio of the original APL to the APL of the equivalent random network. Here, we previously calculated such measures for the 1000 iterated random network, so we use the mean for both the clustering coefficient and the APL random of all this created network as the “equivalent” random measure. Except for the small-world test protocol, developed with R studio, we ran the different study steps with Gephi. Code for this and other steps (temporal samples construction) are available in the supplementary.\"","sources":[{"description":"https://github.com/MBarreraCruz/SNA_Geometrics#","sourceTypes":["repository"]},{"description":"Fortea J. Los complejos microlaminares y geométricos del Epipaleolítico mediteráneo español. Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca; 1973.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Dunnell RC. Style and Function: A Fundamental Dichotomy. American Antiquity. 1978;43: 192–202. doi: 10.2307/279244","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Cucart-Mora C, Gómez-Puche M, Romano V, de Pablo JF-L, Lozano S. Reconstructing Mesolithic social networks on the Iberian Peninsula using ornaments. Archaeol Anthropol Sci. 2022;14: 174. doi: 10.1007/s12520-022-01641-z","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Bernabeu Aubán J, Lozano S, Pardo-Gordó S. Iberian Neolithic Networks: The Rise and Fall of the Cardial World. Frontiers in Digital Humanities. 2017;4. Available: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fdigh.2017.00007","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Bastian M, Heymann S, Jacomy M. Gephi: an open source software for exploring and manipulating networks. 2009.","sourceTypes":["software"]},{"description":"Buchanan B, Hamilton MJ, David Kilby J. The small-world topology of Clovis lithic networks. Archaeol Anthropol Sci. 2019;11: 3537–3548. doi: 10.1007/s12520-018-0767-7","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1764845026267,"lastEdited":1768470612279}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/36","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":36,"name":"Network Concerning the Similarity and Co-occurance of Artefacts in Graves in the Late Urnfield Period in Europe","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://zenodo.org/records/13746647","canonicalCitation":"Deicke, A. (2024). Dataset \"Elite Burials of the Late Urnfield Period\" [Data set]. I Zwischen Individuum und *communitas*. Identitätskonstruktion späturnenfelderzeitlicher Eliten im Spiegel funeraler Statusnetzwerke (2.0). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13746647","description":"\"From its earliest stages on, the rise of computational approaches in the humanities—whether in archaeology, history, or digital humanities more generally—has been accompanied by discussions and critical reflections on the way in which data-driven research methods are informed by the representation of research objects as data structures. Various dimensions, challenges, and characteristics can be roughly divided into three intersecting aspects: the subjectivity of data, their complexity, and their size. Archaeological network analysis as a formal, quantitative method is situated firmly within the tension between these fields, and many authors focus on the application of network research to archaeological data while respecting their complex nature. This paper adds to this growing body of work by focusing on the specificities of a medium-sized data set that offers multiple perspectives on a complex question of social archaeology: the study of intersecting social identities and their materialisation in funeral assemblages, particularly of a collective identity of high status-individuals or “elites”, during the Late Urnfield Period. It offers a mixed-methods approach that centres quantitative results and qualitative contextualization across different scales, and minimises loss of information and context, while transparently disclosing its practices of data selection, pre-processing, and analysis. In doing so, it aims to make the reflective positionings of “slow data” and “slow technology” productive for a methodology of “slow networks”\n\nFrom https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10816-025-09698-5#Abs1","fileFormats":["csv","other"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Aline","lastName":"Deicke","affiliation":"Philipps-University Marburg, Germany","orcidId":"0000-0001-7347-7625"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["co-occurrence","urnfield"],"collectionTags":[],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"36","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.","dataPublisher":"Zenodo","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Deicke, A. “Slow” Network Research? A Mixed-Methods Approach Towards Funeral Status Representation in the Late Urnfield Period. J Archaeol Method Theory 32, 33 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-025-09698-5","url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10816-025-09698-5#Abs1"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-900,"yearTo":-800,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Austria","capital":"Vienna","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":13.33333333,"lat":47.33333333},"iso2":"AT","countryId":"AT"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Czechia","capital":"Prague","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":15.5,"lat":49.75},"iso2":"CZ","countryId":"CZ"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"France","capital":"Paris","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":2,"lat":46},"iso2":"FR","countryId":"FR"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Germany","capital":"Berlin","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":9,"lat":51},"iso2":"DE","countryId":"DE"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Slovakia","capital":"Bratislava","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":19.5,"lat":48.66666666},"iso2":"SK","countryId":"SK"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Switzerland","capital":"Bern","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":8,"lat":47},"iso2":"CH","countryId":"CH"}],"networkTopics":["material-similarity"],"nodeTopics":["artefact","grave"],"edgeTopics":["co-occurrence","similarity"],"nodeAttributes":[],"edgeAttributes":[],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"directed and undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"yes","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"yes","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":138,"numberOfEdges":1952,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"\"For the analysis, several networks were created that can all be traced back to the same basic configuration: a two-mode network consisting of graves and the features associated with it, be it grave goods or architectural elements (Fig. 2). This model abstracts the materialised “lived experience” (Knappett, 2011) of the burial process—the finds and the physical features in which identities were represented and negotiated—by concentrating it in the interaction of the edge. This relation signifies the act of selecting these features to construct the grave, and consequently, the social persona of the deceased as detailed above. On a technical level, it is undirected and unweighted; the last due to the imbalance between the different amounts of specific objects deposited. For example, in the grave of Blaubeuren-Asch (3), one sword would otherwise be counted against 30 arrowheads, while for other finds such as rings of a belt no number is given at all.\"\n\n\"Two-mode networks are of particular importance to the approach taken in this paper. Also known as bimodal or affiliation networks, they are commonly used in the study of funeral assemblages (cf. Donnellan, 2016a, 2016b; Sosna, 2023; Sosna et al., 2012). In general, their analysis is met with a number of challenges, as algorithms have to be adapted to their particular structure. However, they enable the integration of an additional layer of information into the graph (Blair, 2023; Borgatti & Everett, 1997; Everett & Borgatti, 2013, see also the discussion of bimodal clustering below). This is especially relevant if both modes contribute important information to the research question at hand, as is the case here: while the mode of features facilitates a deeper understanding of the patterns of identity representation, the mode of graves helps to map this understanding to specific geographical and cultural contexts. Following Breiger (1974), the bimodal network allows us to explore the duality of social persona and collective identity, to switch between these two perspectives, and to closely relate them to each other.\n\nIn addition to the construction of the network model, the interpretation of this duality requires us to consider two further questions: firstly, what precisely flows through the network (Borgatti, 2005), and secondly, what is the meaning of the network structure that emerges from the entanglement of dyads (Brandes et al., 2013). As already established, the individual edges symbolize steps of a selection process to construct social identity/identities in the grave; consequently, in its entirety, the network structure indicates to which degree burial communities shared conceptions of the funerary representation of status and identity, and if these conceptions may reasonably be assumed to have been standardised or normative. This understanding of nodes, edges, and structure of the network draws on the work of Mizoguchi (2013).\"","sources":[{"description":"Deicke, A. (2024). Dataset \"Elite Burials of the Late Urnfield Period\" [Data set]. I Zwischen Individuum und *communitas*. Identitätskonstruktion späturnenfelderzeitlicher Eliten im Spiegel funeraler Statusnetzwerke (2.0). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13746647","sourceTypes":["repository"]},{"description":"Bekiari, C., Bruseker, G., Canning, E., Doerr, M., Michon, P., Christian-Emil, O., Stephen, S., & Velios, A. (2022). Volume A: Definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model. Version 7.1.2. ICOM/CIDOC Documentation Standards Group/CRM Special Interest Group.","sourceTypes":["publication","software"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1764847865425,"lastEdited":1768470638294}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/37","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":37,"name":"Rivers vs. Roads? A Route Network Model of Transport Infrastructure in Northern Italy During the Roman Period","icon":"transportation","dataUrl":"https://zenodo.org/records/7937731","canonicalCitation":"James Page. (2023). Modelling Transport in Northern Italy During the Roman Period (v1.0.1) [Data set]. Zenodo.","description":"\"Northern Italy has often been characterised as an isolated and marginal area during the Roman period,\n a region constricted by mountain ranges and its distance from major shipping lanes. Historians have\n frequently cited these obstacles, alongside the lack of a major seaport on the Po, as a barrier to the region’s\n economic development and connectivity to the rest of the Roman world. However, how isolated was\n the interior of Northern Italy in reality? To answer these questions, this paper analyses the results of a\n route network model of Northern Italy’s transport network during the Roman period. Containing over 136\n nodes, it enables a significantly more detailed analysis of the region’s transport network than previous\n modelling. The model explores which were the most cost-effective routes for imports arriving from the\n Adriatic and Ligurian coasts, alongside which ports were the most accessible from sites in the upper and\n middle valley. The paper’s results confirm the importance of the Po-Veneto water network in facilitating the\n cost-efficient movement of goods from the Adriatic coast to areas hundreds of kilometres inland and vice\n versa, suggesting that prior assumptions of its isolation have been over-estimated.\"\n\nFrom https://archaeo.peercommunityin.org/articles/rec?id=336","fileFormats":["csv","json","other"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"James","lastName":"Page","affiliation":"Barcelona Supercomputing Center: Barcelona, Spain","orcidId":"0000-0001-6130-0902"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["rivers","roads","roman","transport"],"collectionTags":[],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"37","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"The research in this paper was carried out as part of a doctorate funded by the University of Edinburgh.","dataPublisher":"Zenodo","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Page, J. (2024). Rivers vs. Roads? A route network model of transport infrastructure in Northern Italy during the Roman period (Version 3). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10593574","url":"https://zenodo.org/records/10593574"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":101,"yearTo":200,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Austria","capital":"Vienna","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":13.33333333,"lat":47.33333333},"iso2":"AT","countryId":"AT"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Italy","capital":"Rome","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":12.83333333,"lat":42.83333333},"iso2":"IT","countryId":"IT"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Liechtenstein","capital":"Vaduz","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":9.53333333,"lat":47.26666666},"iso2":"LI","countryId":"LI"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Switzerland","capital":"Bern","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":8,"lat":47},"iso2":"CH","countryId":"CH"}],"networkTopics":["hydrology","least-cost-path","rivers","roads"],"nodeTopics":["junction","site"],"edgeTopics":["river","road"],"nodeAttributes":["id","latitude","longitude"],"edgeAttributes":["from(place)","id","length","to(place)"],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"no","uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"directed","weighted":"yes","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"yes","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"no","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":136,"numberOfEdges":null,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"\"Norther-Italy-Roman-Transport-Infrastructure\nThis repository contains the vector shapefiles and steps used in creating a route network model of Roman transport infrastructure in Northern Italy during the Imperial period. In each folder of the repository, the vector shapefiles for the different layers of the network model can be found.\nThe network model was created using the ArcGIS Network Analyst Suite, Version 10.8.1.\nBuilding the Network Dataset\nThe steps here outline the process to join the separate vector shapefiles representing the rivers, roads, canals, and sealanes of Northern Italy into a single network\ndataset. ArcCatalog is used to create the network dataset from shapefiles contained within a file geodatabase. Note. Within ArcGIS, the Network Analyst Suite must be active.\n1.\tSelect Network and create New Network Dataset.\n2.\tName Network PoNetwork_ND\n3.\tClick Next.\n4.\tSelect all files to be included.\n5.\tClick Next.\n6.\tClick Yes for modelling turns.\n7.\tClick Next.\n8.\tClick Connectivity.\n9.\tIncrease Group Columns to 4.\n10.\tSelect Connectivity Groups, ensuring that juctions are selected for their corresponding vector layers.\n11.\tClick OK.\n12.\tClick Next.\n13.\tFor Modelling Elevation Fields, select None.\n14.\tClick Next.\n15.\tClick Ok.\n16.\tSelect Cost and click Evaluators.\n17.\tSelect all Junctions and right click.\n18.\tFrom Type select Field.\n19.\tFrom Value select STOPCOST.\n20.\tClick OK.\n21.\tClick Next.\n22.\tClick Next.\n23.\tSelect No for Establishing Driving Directions.\n24.\tClick Next.\n25.\tSelect Build Service Area Index.\n26.\tClick Next.\n27.\tClick Finish.\n28.\tClick Yes.\nBuilding the Service Area Index\nThe Service Area Index is used to generate the cost-surface polygons that map all accessible areas within a specified impedance from a set starting point or points.\nArcMap is used to create the polygons using the network dataset imported from ArcCatalog. Note. Within ArcGIS, the Network Analyst Suite must be active.\n1.\tUnder the Network Analyst toolbar, click New Service Area.\n2.\tFrom the directory, select the site/sites you wish to act as the starting point for transport.\n3.\tDrag the site/sites to the Facilities folder within the Layers box.\n4.\tClick the Service Area Properties button in the top right-hand side of the Layers box to bring up the analysis layer’s Layer Properties dialogue box.\n5.\tSelect the Analysis Settings tab from the analysis layer’s Layer Properties dialog box.\n6.\tSelect Cost from the Impedance drop-down box.\n7.\tWithin the Default Breaks box, list multiples of 100 to act as the cost breaks between polygons.\n8.\tSelect Direction: Away from Facility.\n9.\tSelect U-Turns Allowed from the U-Turns at Junctions box.\n10.\tSelect the Polygon Generation tab from the analysis layer’s Layer Properties dialog box.\n11.\tFor Polygon Type, select Detailed.\n12.\tTrim Polygons to 15 km.\n13.\tSelect Merge Polygons if using multiple facilities.\n14.\tClick OK.\n15.\tClick the ’Solve’ button on the Network Analyst toolbar to run the analysis.\"","sources":[{"description":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7937731","sourceTypes":["repository"]},{"description":"https://awmc.unc.edu/wordpress/map-files/","sourceTypes":["topography"]},{"description":"https://dataspace.copernicus.eu/explore-data/data-collections/copernicus-contributing-missions/collections-description/COP-DEM","sourceTypes":["topography"]},{"description":"Marini Calvini M (1992). Strade Romane dell’Emilia Occidentale. Atlante tematico di topografia antica 1, 187–92.","sourceTypes":["map","topography"]},{"description":"Calzolari M (1992). Le Strade Romane della Bassa Padania. Atlante tematico di topografia antica 1, 161–68.","sourceTypes":["map","topography"]},{"description":"Labate D (2019). Archeologia di una strada consolare: la via Emilia dalla fondazione all’età contemporanea.\nAtlante tematico di topografia antica 29, 195–212. https://doi.org/10.1400/269868.","sourceTypes":["publication","topography"]},{"description":"Ortalli J (1992). La Cispadana Orientale: Via Emilia e altre Strade. Atlante tematico di topografia antica 1, 147–60.","sourceTypes":["map","topography"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1764850862802,"lastEdited":1768470710753}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/38","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":38,"name":"Modelling Terrestrial Route Networks (southern Etruria, 950-509 BC)","icon":"transportation","dataUrl":"https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/wz29w3d2r9/1","canonicalCitation":"Prignano, Luce; Morer, Ignacio; Lozano, Sergi; Fulminante, Francesca (2019), “Data for: Modelling terrestrial route networks to understand inter-polity interactions (southern Etruria, 950-509 BC)”, Mendeley Data, V1, doi: 10.17632/wz29w3d2r9.1","description":"\"Ancient regional routes were vital for interactions between settlements and deeply influenced the development of past societies and their “complexification”. At the same time, since any transportation infrastructure needs some level of inter-settlement cooperation to be established, they can also be regarded as an epiphenomenon of social interactions at the regional scale. Here, we propose to analyze ancient pathway networks to understand the organization of cities and villages located in a certain territory, attempting to clarify whether such organization existed and if so, how it functioned. To address such a question, we chose a quantitative approach. Adopting network science as a general framework, by means of formal models, we try to identify how the collective effort that produced the terrestrial infrastructure was directed and organized. We selected a paradigmatic case study: Iron Age southern Etruria, a very well-studied context, with detailed archaeological information about settlement patterns and an established tradition of studies on terrestrial transportation routes, perfectly suitable for testing new techniques. The results of the modelling suggest that a balanced coordinated decision-making process was shaping the route network in Etruria, a scenario which correlates well with the picture elaborated by different scholars using a more traditional technique.\"\n\nFrom https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440318306630?via%3Dihub","fileFormats":["other","txt"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Gabriele","lastName":"Gattiglia","affiliation":"University of Pisa, Italy","orcidId":"0000-0002-4245-8939"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Sergi","lastName":"Lozano","affiliation":"Universitat de Barcelona, Spain","orcidId":"0000-0003-1895-9327"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Luce","lastName":"Prignano","affiliation":"Universitat de Barcelona, Spain","orcidId":"0000-0003-4092-0699"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Ignacio","lastName":"Morer","affiliation":"Universitat de Barcelona, Spain","orcidId":null}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-NC-3.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial 3.0 Unported","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-NC-3.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-NC-3.0.json"},"tags":["etruscan","ironage","roads"],"collectionTags":[],"images":[],"funding":"\"LP and IM are supported by the European Research Council Advanced Grant EPNet (340828). FF was supported by the Marie Curie programme, FP7-PEOPLE-2013-IEF, Past-people-nets (628818)...\" \"SL acknowledges financial support from the Ramón y Cajal programme through the grant RYC-2012-01043 and the Generalitat de Catalunya (Project No.2017SGR-836).\"","dataPublisher":"Mendeley Data","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Prignano, L., Morer, I., Fulminante, F., & Lozano, S. (2019). Modelling terrestrial route networks to understand inter-polity interactions (southern Etruria, 950-500 BC). Journal of Archaeological Science, 105, 46–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2019.02.007","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440318306630?via%3Dihub"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-950,"yearTo":-500,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Italy","capital":"Rome","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":12.83333333,"lat":42.83333333},"iso2":"IT","countryId":"IT"}],"networkTopics":["mobility","roads"],"nodeTopics":["site"],"edgeTopics":["road"],"nodeAttributes":["id","latitude","longitude"],"edgeAttributes":["length"],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"yes","longitudinal":"yes","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"no","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":708,"numberOfEdges":1318,"numberOfIsolates":0},"construction":{"description":"\"Empirical networks for each one of the considered Ages.\nData is provided in GDF format. It supports attributes to both nodes and edges. A standard file is divided in two sections, one for nodes and one for edges. Each section has a header line, which basically is the column title. Each element (i.e. node or edge) is on a line and values are separated by coma. The GDF format is therefore very easy to read and can be easily converted from CSV (more info: https://gephi.org/users/supported-graph-formats/gdf-format/).\n\nHere, we provide two node attributes specifying nodes' position (\"latitude\" and \"longitude\") and a \"weight\" attribute associated to edges, which expresses the length of the connections in km.\"","sources":[{"description":"Prignano, Luce; Morer, Ignacio; Lozano, Sergi; Fulminante, Francesca (2019), “Data for: Modelling terrestrial route networks to understand inter-polity interactions (southern Etruria, 950-509 BC)”, Mendeley Data, V1, doi: 10.17632/wz29w3d2r9.1","sourceTypes":["repository"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1764934815064,"lastEdited":1768470730911}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/39","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":39,"name":"Dataset of variables and results for network and spatial analysis of cult sites, their benefactors and gods in the Hauran (southern Syria) in the Roman period","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://dataverse.no/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.18710/3UF8MQ","canonicalCitation":"Mazzilli, Francesca, 2022, \"Supporting Data for: Roman Soldiers in the Religious, Social, and Spatial Network of the Hauran\", https://doi.org/10.18710/3UF8MQ, DataverseNO, V1","description":"\"Dataset of variables and results for network and spatial analysis of cult sites, their benefactors and gods in the Hauran (southern Syria) in the Roman period. The dataset includes data tables of cult sites, inscriptions, benefactors, and gods. Additionally, it includes georeferenced vector data of road networks, cult sites, and PPA analysis. PPA (Proximal Point Analysis) uses geographical space to identify the nearest, in this case, three cult sites within a given dataset. PPA is also applied by using roads.\"\n\nFrom https://journals.openedition.org/mythos/5802","fileFormats":["csv","json","other"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Francesca","lastName":"Mazzilli","affiliation":"Institute for Classical and Christian Archaeology, University of Münster. Germany","orcidId":"0000-0003-4097-9121"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC0-1.0","name":"Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.json"},"tags":["cult-site","deities","inscriptions","religion","roman","soldiers"],"collectionTags":[],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"39","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 892166.","dataPublisher":"DataverseNO","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Mazzilli, F. (2022). Roman Soldiers in the Religious, Social, and Spatial Network of the Hauran. Mythos. Rivista Di Storia Delle Religioni, 16, Article 16. https://doi.org/10.4000/mythos.5802doi: 10.4000/mythos.5802","url":"https://journals.openedition.org/mythos/5802"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-200,"yearTo":300,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Syria","capital":"Damascus","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":38,"lat":35},"iso2":"SY","countryId":"SY"}],"networkTopics":["epigraphy","religion","roads","spatial"],"nodeTopics":["site"],"edgeTopics":["benefactor","road"],"nodeAttributes":["date","deity","latitude","legion","longitude","node_type","phase","pre-provincial","provincial","rural","urban"],"edgeAttributes":["benefactor"],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"directed and undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"yes","longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":"no","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":77,"numberOfEdges":null,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"\"The data collected from the author come from various published sources, which have been referenced in the Excel file 02_Inscriptions_BenefactorsQuantity_SingleBenefactors_Zeus_PreprovincialDeities_Deities_MainDeities.xlsx (referred in Table 2 in the article) and the Excel file 03_Architecture_Statues (referred in Table 3 in the article). Their bibliography is in the research article in Mythos. 01_Cult_Site_Location_Types_Provincial.xlsx is also an Excel file referred as Table 1 in the article, which provides an overview of information about cult sites. Excel files provide referenced and bibliographic data. Their csv versions have been also provided, under the same name.\n\nCsv and georeferenced vector files are raw data used for network and spatial analyses which resulted and are displayed in figures in the article.\nThe georeferenced csv file of provincial cult sites (01_Cult_Site_Provincial.csv) was used to undertake PPA resulted into the georeferenced vector file (04_PPA file).\nPPA (Proximal Point Analysis) uses geographical space to identify the nearest, in this case, three cult sites within a given dataset. PPA is also applied by using only Roman (known) roads, those with secondary roads and both types of roads with hypothetical roads. \nThe georeferenced vector files of road network (05_Roman_Roads, 06_Roman_Roads_and_Secondary_Roads, 07_Roman_and_Hypothetical_ Roads) and the georeferenced vector file of provincial cult sites within 5 km of radius from the roads (08_Cult_Sites_within_5km_from_roads) were used to undertake PPA using roads resulting in the georeferenced vector files (09_Roman_Roads_PPA, 10_Roman_Roads_and_Secondary_Roads_PPA, 11_Roman_and_Hypothetical_ Roads_PPA). \nThe cult sites within 5 km from the road (08_Cult_Sites_within_5km_from_roads) was created through GIS software by using the georeferenced csv file of provincial cult sites (01_Cult_Site_Provincial.csv) and the georeferenced vector files of road network (05_Roman_Roads, 06_Roman_Roads_and_Secondary_Roads, 07_Roman_and_Hypothetical_ Roads).\n\nThe road network has been built from Bauzou’s work: Bauzou 1985: T. Bauzou, « Le voises de communication dans du Hauran à l’époque romaine », in J.-M. Denzter Hauran I: recherches archéologiques sur la Syrie du Sud a l’époque hellénistique et romaine, Paris 1985, 137-166. Bauzou 1985: T. Bauzou, « Le réseau routier de la Syrie du sud (Hawran, Jawlan) », in J. Dentzer-Feydy, J.-M. Dentzer and P.-M. Blanc (eds), Hauran II: les installations de S? 8 du sanctuaire à l’établissement viticole, Beyrouth 2003, 289-310\nData can be reused using free software, like QGIS, Version: 3.16.13 and Visone, Version: 2-18, which have been used for this research. They can be also uploaded to and used in any network analysis software and GIS (Geographical Information System) software. To upload csv and vector data files to QGIS or any GIS software use the Coordinate Reference System (CRS) EPSG: 4326 – WGS 84.\"","sources":[{"description":"Bauzou 1985: T. Bauzou, « Les voies de communication dans le Hauran à l’époque romaine », in Hauran I (1985), 137-166.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Bauzou 2003: T. Bauzou, « Le réseau routier de la Syrie du sud (Hawran, Jawlan) », in Hauran II (2003), 289-310.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Mazzilli, Francesca, 2022, \"Supporting Data for: Roman Soldiers in the Religious, Social, and Spatial Network of the Hauran\", https://doi.org/10.18710/3UF8MQ, DataverseNO, V1","sourceTypes":["dataset"]},{"description":"Mazzilli 2018: F. Mazzilli, Rural Cult Centres in the Hauran: Part of the Broader Network of the Near East, Oxford 2018.","sourceTypes":["gazetteer"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1765189187520,"lastEdited":1768470756467}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/40","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":40,"name":"Network analysis of pottery from small towns in medieval southern and midland England","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25392/leicester.data.28264694","canonicalCitation":"Jervis, Ben (2025). Network analysis of pottery from small towns in medieval southern and midland England. University of Leicester. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25392/leicester.data.28264694.v1","description":"\"rom the perspective of the present, the economic development of preceding periods can seem linear and inevitable, guided into being by those who benefitted most from increasing commercialisation. Yet this majoritarian narrative belies the importance of the individual and the everyday, of adaptation and creativity. Here, the author explores the potential of a minoritarian approach to entrepreneurship, in understanding medieval economic development. In tracing pottery-exchange networks as a representation of commercial development, they argue that the entrepreneurial actions of institutions and potters generate insights into economic development that challenge linear narratives, framing it as a patchwork of sociomaterial relations.\"\n\nFrom https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/minoritarian-entrepreneurs-pottery-commerce-and-urbanisation-in-medieval-england-c-ad-12001350/0D0129C5E72DF6B02D3A2FE804E48F8E","fileFormats":["csv","xls"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Ben","lastName":"Jervis","affiliation":"University of Leicester, Great Britain","orcidId":"0000-0001-5295-0647"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["distribution","pottery"],"collectionTags":["pottery"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"40","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"This research was undertaken as a part of the project ‘Urban life in a time of crisis: enduring urbanism in medieval England (ENDURE)’, selected by the European Research Council and funded by UK Research and Innovation under grant agreement EP/X023850/2.","dataPublisher":"University of Leicester","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Jervis, B. (2025). Minoritarian entrepreneurs: pottery, commerce and urbanisation in medieval England (c. AD 1200–1350). Antiquity, 99(406), 1098–1113. doi:10.15184/aqy.2025.70","url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/minoritarian-entrepreneurs-pottery-commerce-and-urbanisation-in-medieval-england-c-ad-12001350/0D0129C5E72DF6B02D3A2FE804E48F8E"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":1200,"yearTo":1350,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"United Kingdom","capital":"London","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-2,"lat":54},"iso2":"GB","countryId":"GB"}],"networkTopics":["distribution","economic"],"nodeTopics":["find-place","production-site"],"edgeTopics":["connection"],"nodeAttributes":["degree","latitude","longitude","name","node_type"],"edgeAttributes":["source","target","weight"],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"directed","weighted":"yes","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"yes","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"no","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":358,"numberOfEdges":1294,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"\"Due to inconsistencies in recording the presence of pottery ware types was recorded at each \nsite and where possible it was determined whether these were a major ware (ie. typical of the \nassemblage) or a minor ware (ie. rare or exceptional within the assemblage). Ware types were \nassigned to broad common ware groups, where possible through concordance with published \nregional pottery type series. These, in turn, were allocated to a broad production region. \nThe nodes in the network comprise the towns and the production regions. \nThe edges in the network comprise pottery from a given production region, present within a \nparticular towns. Edges are directed from the source to the town. Edges relating to a major \nware within an assemblage was given a weight of 1 and those relating to minor wares or \nwares of indeterminate significance were weighted 0.5. \nThe network was created using the open source software Gephi.\"","sources":[{"description":"Jervis, Ben (2025). Network analysis of pottery from small towns in medieval southern and midland England. University of Leicester. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.25392/leicester.data.28264694.v1","sourceTypes":["dataset"]},{"description":"Armstrong, P., Tomlinson, D. and Evans, D. 1991. Excavations at Lurk Lane, Beverley, 1979–82. Sheffield Excavation Reports.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Evans, D. and Tomlinson, D. 1992. Excavations at 33–35 Eastgate, Beverley. 1983-86. Sheffield Excavation Reports.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Ford, B., Brady, K. and Teague, S. 2017. From Bridgehead to Brewery. The Medieval and Post-Medieval Archaeological Remains from Finzel's Radh, Bristol. Oxford Archaeology.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Spoerry, P. 2016. The Production and Distribution of Medieval Pottery in Cambridgeshire, East Anglian Archaeology 159","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Woolhouse, T. 2018. Land at Westgate House, Westgate Street, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. Archaeological Excavation and Monitoring, Post-Excavation Assessment. Pre-Construct Archaeology","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Cotter, J. 2000. Post-Roman Pottery from Excavations in Colchester, 1971–85. Colchester: Colchester Archaeological Trust.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Allan, J. 2021. The local, regional and other north European pottery, 900–1550. In S. Rippon and N. Holbrook (eds). Studies in the Roman and Medieval Archaeology of Exeter. Oxford: Oxbow 461–514.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Allan, J. 1984. Medieval and Post-Medieval Finds from Exeter, 1971–1980. Exeter Museum/Exeter University","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Sheosmith, R. 1985. Hereford City Excavations: Volume 3, The Finds. CBA Research Report 56","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Brown, R., Teague, S., Loe, L., Sudds, B. and  Popescu, E. 2020. Excavations at Stoke Quay, Ipswich, East Anglian Archaeology 172","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/ipswich_parent_2015/","sourceTypes":["archival","online_platform"]},{"description":"Buckley, R., Cooper, N. and Morris, M. 2021. Life in Roman and Medieval Leicester: Excavations in the Town's North-East Quarter. Leicester Archaeology Monograph 26","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Evans, D. 1993. Excavations in Hull 1975–6. East Riding Archaeologist 4","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Armstrong, P. and Ayers, B. 1987. Excavations in High Street and Blackfriargate. East Riding Archaeologist 8","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Young, J., Vince, A. and Naylor, V. 2006. A Corpus of Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Pottery from Lincoln. Oxbow","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Schofield, J., Blackmore, L. and Pearce, J. 2020. London's Waterfront 1100–1666: Excavations in Thames Street, London, 1974–84. Archaeopress","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/bufau1776_2017/","sourceTypes":["archival","online_platform"]},{"description":"Mason, P., McAree, D. and Soden, I. 2008. Archaeological Excavations at Belgrade Plaza, Coventry, 2005-2007. Northamptonshire Archaeology","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"McAree, D. 2006. Archaeological excavation at 68 to 70 Whitefriars Street, Coventry. Northamptonshire Archaeology","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Meek, J. 2004. An Archaeological Evaluation at Millennium View, Hales Street, Coventry. Leicester: University of Leicester Archaeological Services (ULAS).","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Bain, K., Greig, J. R A. and Rátkai, S. 2006. Late Saxon and medieval Derby: excavations at King Street,Derby, 2004.. The Derbyshire Archaeological Journal 126. Vol 126, pp. 46-81","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Vince, A. 1983. The Medieval Ceramic Industry of the Severn Valley. PhD Thesis: University of Southampton","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Kinsley, A., Beech, M., Canti, M., Mortimer, C., Drage, C., Fell, V., Greig, J. R A., Sheppard, R., Wells, J., Woodland, R. and Wright, M. 1993. Excavations on the Saxo-Norman town defences at Slaughter House Lane, Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire. Transactions of the Thoroton Society 97. pp. 14-63.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Brown, J. 2021. Living Opposite to the Hospital of St John: Excavations in Medieval Northampton 2014. Archaeopress","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archives/view/bufau1347_2017/","sourceTypes":["archival","online_platform"]},{"description":"Durham, B. 1977. Archaeological Investigations in St. Aldates, Oxford. Oxoniensia 42, 83–203","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Bashford, R. and Ford, B. 2014. Eleventh-Century, Later-Medieval and Early Post-Medieval Evidence from Investigations at Jesus College and Market Street, Oxford. Oxoniensia. Vol 79, pp. 211-234.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Norton, A. and Mumford, J. 2010. Anglo-Saxon Pits and a Medieval Kitchen at The Queen's College, Oxford. Oxoniensia. Vol 75, pp. 165-217.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Brown, D. 2002. Pottery in Medieval Southampton c.106–1510. CBA Research Report 133","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Harding, P. 2022. Joining the Dots: Uniting Salisbury's Past Through Holes in the Ground. Wessex Archaeology","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Stafford, E. and Teague, S. From Blackfriars to Bankside: Medieval and Later Riverfront Archaeology Along the Route of Thameslink, Central london. Oxford Archaeology/Pre-Costruct Archaeology","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Edwards, R. and Dalwood, C. 2004. Excavations at Deansway, Worcester, 1988–89.CBA Research Report 139","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Vince, A. 1983. The Medieval Ceramic Industry of the Severn Valley. PhD Thesis: University of Southampton","sourceTypes":["thesis"]},{"description":"Hawker, K. and Matthews, C. 2022. Anglo-Saxon, Medieval and Post-Medieval Pottery from Winchester's Suburbs and City Defences. Hampshire Cultural Trust.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Taylor, J. 2008. An Assessment Report of Archaeological Investigations at the former Shippam's Factory and Shippam's Social Club, East Walls, Chichester, West Sussex. Pre-Construct Archaeology","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Dawson, D., Hall, T. and Iveson, L. 2016. A group of late 13th/early 14th century pottery from a garderobe pit excavated in the garden of Wells and Medip Musem, 8 Cathedral Green, Wells, Somerset, 1996. Processigns of he Somerset Archaeological & Natural History Society 159","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Cope-Faulkner, P. 1998. Archaeological Watching Brief of development at the former builder's yard, Malting Yard, Stamford, Lincolnshire. Archaeological Project Services.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Anon,. 1999. Land adjacent to Stamford High School, Kettering Road, Stamford, Lincolnshire. Archaeological Evaluation. Archaeological Project Services.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Morris, S. and Yates, A. 2004. An archaeological evaluation at land off Barnack Road, Stamford,Lincolnshire. August 2004. Northamptonshire Archaeology.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Stead, P. 2003. Excavation of the Medieval and Later Waterfront at Dung Quay, Plymouth. Proceedings of the Devon Archaeological Society 61, 21–133","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Gollop, A. 2017. British Red Cross Centre, 2 Lower Chantry Lane, Canterbury, CT1 1UF. Post-Excavation Assessment Report. Canterbury Archaeological Trust","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1765192490680,"lastEdited":1768470775626}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/41","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":41,"name":"Aurignacian and Gravettian personal ornaments Similarity network","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323148","canonicalCitation":"d’Errico F, Baker J, Pereira D, Álvarez-Fernández E, Lázničková-Galetová M, Rigaud S (2025) Multivariate analyses of Aurignacian and Gravettian personal ornaments support cultural continuity in the Early Upper Palaeolithic. PLoS One 20(6): e0323148. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323148","description":"\"Traditionally, lithic artefacts have served as the principal proxy for the definition of archaeological cultures in the Upper Paleolithic. However, the culture-historical framework in use, constructed unsystematically and shaped by regional research traditions, features a number of widely acknowledged drawbacks. Here we use personal ornaments to explore the nature of Early Upper Paleolithic cultural entities and establish to what extent they represent distinct or evolving cultural adaptations. We present an analysis of an updated georeferenced dataset composed of personal ornaments coming from two key successive Upper Paleolithic technocomplexes, the Aurignacian (42–34,000 years ago) and the Gravettian (34–24,000 years ago). Using a range of multivariate statistics, we demonstrate that, at both European and regional scales, people belonging to these technocomplexes wore similar personal ornaments, though fully-shaped personal ornaments appear more different between technocomplexes. We additionally show that the variability of the Aurignacian ornaments suggests more fragmented cultural clusters compared to the Gravettian, implying more extensive symbolic networks in the latter. Despite a long-standing consensus based on other archaeological proxies, which emphasises the dissimilarity between these cultural entities, our results demonstrate the complex nature of Upper Paleolithic cultures which are characterised by discontinuities in economic and technical systems and continuity in the culturalisation of the body.\"\n\nFrom https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323148","fileFormats":["other","xlsx"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Francesco","lastName":"d'Errico","affiliation":"CNRS UMR 5199 De la Préhistoire à l’Actuel: Culture, Environnement, et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université Bordeaux, Talence, France, SFF Centre for Early Sapiens Behaviour (SapienCE), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway","orcidId":"0000-0002-2422-3079"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Jack","lastName":"Baker","affiliation":"CNRS UMR 5199 De la Préhistoire à l’Actuel: Culture, Environnement, et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université Bordeaux, Talence, France","orcidId":"0009-0007-5797-4390"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Daniel","lastName":"Pereira","affiliation":"CNRS UMR 5199 De la Préhistoire à l’Actuel: Culture, Environnement, et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université Bordeaux, Talence, France, BonesLab, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università di Bologna, Ravenna, Italy","orcidId":"0000-0003-3396-6402"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Esteban","lastName":"Álvarez-Fernández","affiliation":"GIR Prehusal, Dpto. de Prehistoria, Historia Antigua y Arqueología, Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain","orcidId":"0000-0002-7895-3421"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Martina","lastName":"Lázničková-Galetová","affiliation":"Moravian Museum, Brno, Czech Republic, UMR 7194 HNHP, Equipe NOMADE, CNRS/ Muséum national d’histoire naturelle (MNHN)/ UPVD Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, Paris, France","orcidId":null},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Solange","lastName":"Rigaud","affiliation":"CNRS UMR 5199 De la Préhistoire à l’Actuel: Culture, Environnement, et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université Bordeaux, Talence, France","orcidId":null}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["co-occurrence","lithics","ornaments","upper-palaeolithic"],"collectionTags":["ornaments"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"41","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"Funders had no role in study design, data collection, analysis, decisions to publish, or manuscript preparation. Funding came from the University of Bordeaux’s Grand Programme de Recherche “Human Past,” the French National Research Agency IDEX Bordeaux NETAWA project, Région Nouvelle Aquitaine Threads project, ERC Synergy QUANTA, and the Norwegian SapienCE Centre. Further support came from the Czech Ministry of Culture (Moravian Museum) and the Spanish Ministry of Science (PaleontheMove).","dataPublisher":null,"relatedPublications":[],"topic":{"yearFrom":-42000,"yearTo":-24000,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Europe","capital":null,"coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":15.34,"lat":49.74},"iso2":null,"countryId":"PN-EU"}],"networkTopics":["material-similarity"],"nodeTopics":["site"],"edgeTopics":["similarity"],"nodeAttributes":["country","latitude","longitude"],"edgeAttributes":["similarity"],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":null,"selfLoops":null,"spatial":"yes","longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":null,"hypergraph":null,"signed":null,"probabilistic":null},"size":{"numberOfNodes":248,"numberOfEdges":1817,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"\"We applied Archaeological Social Network analysis to investigate the connections between sites attributed to the Aurignacian and the Gravettian based on shared personal ornament types. The two networks showing each technocomplexes separately (Figure 8) are colour-coded by regional group. However, these networks do not show connections between sites belonging to the other technocomplex. To address this topic, we also generated a network with both technocomplexes in a single graph (Figure 9), revealing connections between sites across both periods. However, this visualisation only indicates a site’s attribution to one of the two complexes, without showing its regional group. To provide a more comprehensive view, we created an additional version of this network that displays both the regional groupings and the connections between sites across technocomplexes (Supplementary Figure 5).\"\n\n\"We also calculated the summary statistics for all the networks presented in the main text (Supplementary Table 2) using code adapted from Pereira et al. (2023). The results show that the network density is higher in the Gravettian network than in the Aurignacian network. All network interval statistics are provided in Supplementary Table 3. Additionally, the average similarity in personal ornament assemblages between sites is slightly higher in the Gravettian than in the Aurignacian (Supplementary Tables 3).\"\n\n\"Our dataset is comprised of updated versions of four previously published databases assembling information on personal ornaments from the Aurignacian [42] and the Gravettian burial and occupation sites [43,51,102,103] (Fig 1; S1 Dataset Worksheets ‘B’, ‘C’, ‘D’, and ‘E’). Following the publication of Baker et al. 2024, the research team was expanded to improve the reliability of cultural attributions, addressing potential ambiguities in site classification. This included a more extensive review of literature in original languages, stricter criteria for associating ornaments with a specific technocomplex, and an increased emphasis on radiocarbon dating when available. As a result, the updated Gravettian dataset includes: the addition of 3 burials and 30 occupation sites, the removal of 9 burials and 8 occupation sites, the addition of radiocarbon dates for 2 burials and 4 occupation sites, the removal of radiocarbon dates for 1 burial and 2 occupation sites, and the addition of 31 ornament types. For the Aurignacian, 4 occupation sites were added.\"","sources":[{"description":"Pereira, D., Manen, C., Rigaud, S., 2023. The shaping of social and symbolic capital during the transition to farming in the Western Mediterranean: Archaeological network analyses of pottery decorations and personal ornaments. Plos one 18, e0294111.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Vanhaeren M, d’Errico F. Aurignacian ethno-linguistic geography of Europe revealed by personal ornaments. J Archaeol Sci. 2006;33(8):1105–28.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Baker J, Rigaud S, Pereira D, Courtenay LA, d’Errico F. Evidence from personal ornaments suggest nine distinct cultural groups between 34,000 and 24,000 years ago in Europe. Nat Hum Behav. 2024;8(3):431–44. pmid:38287173","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"d’Errico F, Vanhaeren M. Upper Palaeolithic mortuary practices: reflection of ethnic affiliation, social complexity, and cultural turnover. In: Renfrew C, Boyd M, Morley I, editors. Rituals, social order and the archaeology of immortality in the ancient world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2015. p. 45–62.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Coste P. La parure dans les sépultures d’époque gravettienne: un indice pour la reconstitution du vêtement paléolithique. Mémoire de Master 2, Paris 1 La Sorbonne; 2016.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Taborin Y. La parure en coquillage au Paléolithique. Paris: CNRS Éditions; 1993.","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1765200023863,"lastEdited":1768470793554}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/42","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":42,"name":"Transportation network on the west coast of Hellenistic Asia Minor.","icon":"transportation","dataUrl":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0230733#sec009","canonicalCitation":"Glomb T, Mertel A, Pospíšil Z, Chalupa A (2020) Ptolemaic political activities on the west coast of Hellenistic Asia Minor had a significant impact on the local spread of the Isiac cults: A spatial network analysis. PLoS ONE 15(4): e0230733. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230733","description":"\"During the reign of the first Ptolemaic kings in Egypt, mainly in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE, the Egyptian cults related to the divine couple of Isis and Sarapis (i.e. the Isiac cults) spread successfully from Egypt to ports and coastal cities of the ancient Mediterranean. The discussion on the topic of the factors involved in the process of the early spread of these cults outside Egypt is still open and, so far, the research in this area has been conducted mainly by using established historiographical methods. However, these methods are limited when dealing with the interplay among different variables involved in complex historical processes. This article aims to overcome these limits by using a quantitative spatial network analysis. The results of our previous published research, which focused on a quantitative evaluation of the impact of individual factors on the early spread of the Isiac cults across the ancient Aegean Islands, suggest that the process was promoted by military and commercial activities of the Ptolemaic dynasty, and that the Ptolemaic military operations were the most influential factor. Following these results, this article focuses on the early spread of the Isiac cults on the west coast of Hellenistic Asia Minor, i.e. the region which the Ptolemies attempted to control in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE. The statistically significant results presented in this article support the hypothesis that the Ptolemaic political engagement in Asia Minor had a positive impact on the early spread of the Isiac cults. The results also suggest that the activities of the Seleucid dynasty, a political rival of the Ptolemies, in the area of interest could have constituted an immunological factor limiting the spread of the Isiac cults further to the eastern parts of Asia Minor.\"\n\nFrom https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0230733#sec009","fileFormats":["xlsx"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Tomas","lastName":"Glomb","affiliation":"Centre for the Digital Research of Religion, Department for the Study of Religions, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic","orcidId":"0000-0001-6862-8409"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Adam","lastName":"Mertel","affiliation":"Centre for the Digital Research of Religion, Department for the Study of Religions, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic","orcidId":null},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Zdenek","lastName":"Pospisil","affiliation":"Centre for the Digital Research of Religion, Department for the Study of Religions, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic","orcidId":"0000-0001-6182-3068"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Aleš","lastName":"Chalupa","affiliation":"Centre for the Digital Research of Religion, Department for the Study of Religions, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic","orcidId":null}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["cults","isaaic","transport"],"collectionTags":["isaaic-cults"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"42","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"This research is a part of Religions on the Ancient Mediterranean Networks: The Role of Primary and Secondary Centers in the Spread of Religious Innovations project (Czech title \"Náboženství na sítích antického Středomoří: Role primárních a sekundárních center při šíření náboženských inovací\") (GA18-07487S) funded by GAČR: Czech Science Foundation. The project's website https://www.muni.cz/en/research/projects/39108.","dataPublisher":null,"relatedPublications":[],"topic":{"yearFrom":-400,"yearTo":-101,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Türkiye","capital":"Ankara","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":35,"lat":39},"iso2":"TR","countryId":"TR"}],"networkTopics":["cults","roads","sea-lanes","transport"],"nodeTopics":["hellenistic-cities","ports"],"edgeTopics":["land-routes","maritime-routes","road"],"nodeAttributes":["latitude","longitude","name"],"edgeAttributes":[],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":null,"selfLoops":null,"spatial":"yes","longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":null,"hypergraph":null,"signed":null,"probabilistic":null},"size":{"numberOfNodes":56,"numberOfEdges":null,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"\"With the complete transportation network, we were able to proceed and determine specific parameters of each node on the network based on political and religious proxies or the outcome of network analysis; the relationships among these parameters were then statistically evaluated with respect to the research problem.\n\nInitially, the nodes were parameterized with respect to their role within the transportation network—we used two classifiers. First, as was already stated above, we identified nodes that represented major Hellenistic cities based on the Pleiades database [34]. These nodes were considered important because of their prestige and larger population sizes and were incorporated as crucial nodes in the further analyses. Also, our network has two modes of transportation; thus, we classified the nodes also based on their intermodal function—whether they were directly connected to the maritime and/or inland routes. This parameter solved one more problem—the major cities in this region were often operating through a close port represented in our network by a different node and that way we were able to link the ports with their neighboring cities.\n\nTo quantify the presence of the Isiac cults on the network, we geocoded the archaeological evidence related to the Isiac cults from the time and area of interest. For this dataset, we used Laurent Bricault’s corpus Recueil des inscriptions concernant les cultes isiaques (RICIS, [4]).We categorized the data from RICIS into two groups with respect to their type: 1) artifacts (altars, statues, inscriptions, etc.); 2) temples (Fig 3). This categorization helped to characterize the quality of the cult presence—temples are conceptualized as indicators of more durable and significant presence than artifacts. Furthermore, we divided these data based on their dating in order to analyze different “waves” of the spread with respect to chronology.\"","sources":[{"description":"Bagnall RS. The Administration of the Ptolemaic Possessions Outside Egypt. Leiden: E. J. Brill; 1976.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Grainger JD. Great power diplomacy in the Hellenistic world. London: Routledge; 2017.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Hölbl G. A History of the Ptolemaic Empire. New York: Routledge; 2001.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Chaniotis A. War in the Hellenistic world: a social and cultural history. Malden: Blackwell Publishing; 2005.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Fischer-Bovet C. Army and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2014.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Chaniotis A. Foreign soldiers - native girls? Constructing and crossing boundaries in Hellenistic cities with foreign garrisons. In: Ducrey P, Chaniotis A, editors. Army and power in the ancient world. Stuttgart: Steiner; 2002. pp. 99–113.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Chrubasik B. Kings and Usurpers in the Seleukid Empire: the men who would be king. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2016.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Kosmin PJ. The land of the elephant kings: space, territory, and ideology in the Seleucid Empire. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 2018.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Ma J. Antiochus III and the cities of Western Asia Minor. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press; 2002.","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1765280396579,"lastEdited":1768470815763}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/43","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":43,"name":"archaeological evidence related to the Isiac cults","icon":"transportation","dataUrl":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0230733#sec009","canonicalCitation":"Glomb T, Mertel A, Pospíšil Z, Chalupa A (2020) Ptolemaic political activities on the west coast of Hellenistic Asia Minor had a significant impact on the local spread of the Isiac cults: A spatial network analysis. PLoS ONE 15(4): e0230733. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230733","description":"\"During the reign of the first Ptolemaic kings in Egypt, mainly in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE, the Egyptian cults related to the divine couple of Isis and Sarapis (i.e. the Isiac cults) spread successfully from Egypt to ports and coastal cities of the ancient Mediterranean. The discussion on the topic of the factors involved in the process of the early spread of these cults outside Egypt is still open and, so far, the research in this area has been conducted mainly by using established historiographical methods. However, these methods are limited when dealing with the interplay among different variables involved in complex historical processes. This article aims to overcome these limits by using a quantitative spatial network analysis. The results of our previous published research, which focused on a quantitative evaluation of the impact of individual factors on the early spread of the Isiac cults across the ancient Aegean Islands, suggest that the process was promoted by military and commercial activities of the Ptolemaic dynasty, and that the Ptolemaic military operations were the most influential factor. Following these results, this article focuses on the early spread of the Isiac cults on the west coast of Hellenistic Asia Minor, i.e. the region which the Ptolemies attempted to control in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE. The statistically significant results presented in this article support the hypothesis that the Ptolemaic political engagement in Asia Minor had a positive impact on the early spread of the Isiac cults. The results also suggest that the activities of the Seleucid dynasty, a political rival of the Ptolemies, in the area of interest could have constituted an immunological factor limiting the spread of the Isiac cults further to the eastern parts of Asia Minor.\"\n\nFrom https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0230733#sec009","fileFormats":["xlsx"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Tomas","lastName":"Glomb","affiliation":"Centre for the Digital Research of Religion, Department for the Study of Religions, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic","orcidId":"0000-0001-6862-8409"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Adam","lastName":"Mertel","affiliation":"Centre for the Digital Research of Religion, Department for the Study of Religions, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic","orcidId":null},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Zdenek","lastName":"Pospisil","affiliation":"Centre for the Digital Research of Religion, Department for the Study of Religions, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic","orcidId":"0000-0001-6182-3068"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Aleš","lastName":"Chalupa","affiliation":"Centre for the Digital Research of Religion, Department for the Study of Religions, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic","orcidId":null}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["cults","isaaic","transport"],"collectionTags":["isaaic-cults"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"43","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"This research is a part of Religions on the Ancient Mediterranean Networks: The Role of Primary and Secondary Centers in the Spread of Religious Innovations project (Czech title \"Náboženství na sítích antického Středomoří: Role primárních a sekundárních center při šíření náboženských inovací\") (GA18-07487S) funded by GAČR: Czech Science Foundation. The project's website https://www.muni.cz/en/research/projects/39108.","dataPublisher":null,"relatedPublications":[],"topic":{"yearFrom":-400,"yearTo":-101,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Türkiye","capital":"Ankara","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":35,"lat":39},"iso2":"TR","countryId":"TR"}],"networkTopics":["cults","roads","sea-lanes","transport"],"nodeTopics":["hellenistic-cities","ports"],"edgeTopics":["land-routes","maritime-routes","road"],"nodeAttributes":["latitude","longitude","name"],"edgeAttributes":[],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":null,"selfLoops":null,"spatial":"yes","longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":null,"hypergraph":null,"signed":null,"probabilistic":null},"size":{"numberOfNodes":56,"numberOfEdges":null,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"\"With the complete transportation network, we were able to proceed and determine specific parameters of each node on the network based on political and religious proxies or the outcome of network analysis; the relationships among these parameters were then statistically evaluated with respect to the research problem.\n\nInitially, the nodes were parameterized with respect to their role within the transportation network—we used two classifiers. First, as was already stated above, we identified nodes that represented major Hellenistic cities based on the Pleiades database [34]. These nodes were considered important because of their prestige and larger population sizes and were incorporated as crucial nodes in the further analyses. Also, our network has two modes of transportation; thus, we classified the nodes also based on their intermodal function—whether they were directly connected to the maritime and/or inland routes. This parameter solved one more problem—the major cities in this region were often operating through a close port represented in our network by a different node and that way we were able to link the ports with their neighboring cities.\n\nTo quantify the presence of the Isiac cults on the network, we geocoded the archaeological evidence related to the Isiac cults from the time and area of interest. For this dataset, we used Laurent Bricault’s corpus Recueil des inscriptions concernant les cultes isiaques (RICIS, [4]).We categorized the data from RICIS into two groups with respect to their type: 1) artifacts (altars, statues, inscriptions, etc.); 2) temples (Fig 3). This categorization helped to characterize the quality of the cult presence—temples are conceptualized as indicators of more durable and significant presence than artifacts. Furthermore, we divided these data based on their dating in order to analyze different “waves” of the spread with respect to chronology.\"","sources":[{"description":"Bagnall RS. The Administration of the Ptolemaic Possessions Outside Egypt. Leiden: E. J. Brill; 1976.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Grainger JD. Great power diplomacy in the Hellenistic world. London: Routledge; 2017.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Hölbl G. A History of the Ptolemaic Empire. New York: Routledge; 2001.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Chaniotis A. War in the Hellenistic world: a social and cultural history. Malden: Blackwell Publishing; 2005.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Fischer-Bovet C. Army and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2014.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Chaniotis A. Foreign soldiers - native girls? Constructing and crossing boundaries in Hellenistic cities with foreign garrisons. In: Ducrey P, Chaniotis A, editors. Army and power in the ancient world. Stuttgart: Steiner; 2002. pp. 99–113.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Chrubasik B. Kings and Usurpers in the Seleukid Empire: the men who would be king. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2016.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Kosmin PJ. The land of the elephant kings: space, territory, and ideology in the Seleucid Empire. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 2018.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Ma J. Antiochus III and the cities of Western Asia Minor. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press; 2002.","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1765449419493,"lastEdited":1768470840001}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/44","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":44,"name":"Ptolemaic possessions and places under the direct Ptolemaic influence","icon":"transportation","dataUrl":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0230733#sec009","canonicalCitation":"Glomb T, Mertel A, Pospíšil Z, Chalupa A (2020) Ptolemaic political activities on the west coast of Hellenistic Asia Minor had a significant impact on the local spread of the Isiac cults: A spatial network analysis. PLoS ONE 15(4): e0230733. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230733","description":"\"During the reign of the first Ptolemaic kings in Egypt, mainly in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE, the Egyptian cults related to the divine couple of Isis and Sarapis (i.e. the Isiac cults) spread successfully from Egypt to ports and coastal cities of the ancient Mediterranean. The discussion on the topic of the factors involved in the process of the early spread of these cults outside Egypt is still open and, so far, the research in this area has been conducted mainly by using established historiographical methods. However, these methods are limited when dealing with the interplay among different variables involved in complex historical processes. This article aims to overcome these limits by using a quantitative spatial network analysis. The results of our previous published research, which focused on a quantitative evaluation of the impact of individual factors on the early spread of the Isiac cults across the ancient Aegean Islands, suggest that the process was promoted by military and commercial activities of the Ptolemaic dynasty, and that the Ptolemaic military operations were the most influential factor. Following these results, this article focuses on the early spread of the Isiac cults on the west coast of Hellenistic Asia Minor, i.e. the region which the Ptolemies attempted to control in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE. The statistically significant results presented in this article support the hypothesis that the Ptolemaic political engagement in Asia Minor had a positive impact on the early spread of the Isiac cults. The results also suggest that the activities of the Seleucid dynasty, a political rival of the Ptolemies, in the area of interest could have constituted an immunological factor limiting the spread of the Isiac cults further to the eastern parts of Asia Minor.\"\n\nFrom https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0230733#sec009","fileFormats":["xlsx"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Tomas","lastName":"Glomb","affiliation":"Centre for the Digital Research of Religion, Department for the Study of Religions, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic","orcidId":"0000-0001-6862-8409"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Adam","lastName":"Mertel","affiliation":"Centre for the Digital Research of Religion, Department for the Study of Religions, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic","orcidId":null},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Zdenek","lastName":"Pospisil","affiliation":"Centre for the Digital Research of Religion, Department for the Study of Religions, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic","orcidId":"0000-0001-6182-3068"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Aleš","lastName":"Chalupa","affiliation":"Centre for the Digital Research of Religion, Department for the Study of Religions, Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic","orcidId":null}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["cults","isaaic","transport"],"collectionTags":["isaaic-cults"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"44","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"This research is a part of Religions on the Ancient Mediterranean Networks: The Role of Primary and Secondary Centers in the Spread of Religious Innovations project (Czech title \"Náboženství na sítích antického Středomoří: Role primárních a sekundárních center při šíření náboženských inovací\") (GA18-07487S) funded by GAČR: Czech Science Foundation. The project's website https://www.muni.cz/en/research/projects/39108.","dataPublisher":null,"relatedPublications":[],"topic":{"yearFrom":-400,"yearTo":-101,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Türkiye","capital":"Ankara","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":35,"lat":39},"iso2":"TR","countryId":"TR"}],"networkTopics":["cults","roads","sea-lanes","transport"],"nodeTopics":["hellenistic-cities","ports"],"edgeTopics":["land-routes","maritime-routes","road"],"nodeAttributes":["latitude","longitude","name"],"edgeAttributes":[],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":null,"selfLoops":null,"spatial":"yes","longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":null,"hypergraph":null,"signed":null,"probabilistic":null},"size":{"numberOfNodes":56,"numberOfEdges":null,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"\"With the complete transportation network, we were able to proceed and determine specific parameters of each node on the network based on political and religious proxies or the outcome of network analysis; the relationships among these parameters were then statistically evaluated with respect to the research problem.\n\nInitially, the nodes were parameterized with respect to their role within the transportation network—we used two classifiers. First, as was already stated above, we identified nodes that represented major Hellenistic cities based on the Pleiades database [34]. These nodes were considered important because of their prestige and larger population sizes and were incorporated as crucial nodes in the further analyses. Also, our network has two modes of transportation; thus, we classified the nodes also based on their intermodal function—whether they were directly connected to the maritime and/or inland routes. This parameter solved one more problem—the major cities in this region were often operating through a close port represented in our network by a different node and that way we were able to link the ports with their neighboring cities.\n\nTo quantify the presence of the Isiac cults on the network, we geocoded the archaeological evidence related to the Isiac cults from the time and area of interest. For this dataset, we used Laurent Bricault’s corpus Recueil des inscriptions concernant les cultes isiaques (RICIS, [4]).We categorized the data from RICIS into two groups with respect to their type: 1) artifacts (altars, statues, inscriptions, etc.); 2) temples (Fig 3). This categorization helped to characterize the quality of the cult presence—temples are conceptualized as indicators of more durable and significant presence than artifacts. Furthermore, we divided these data based on their dating in order to analyze different “waves” of the spread with respect to chronology.\"","sources":[{"description":"Bagnall RS. The Administration of the Ptolemaic Possessions Outside Egypt. Leiden: E. J. Brill; 1976.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Grainger JD. Great power diplomacy in the Hellenistic world. London: Routledge; 2017.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Hölbl G. A History of the Ptolemaic Empire. New York: Routledge; 2001.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Chaniotis A. War in the Hellenistic world: a social and cultural history. Malden: Blackwell Publishing; 2005.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Fischer-Bovet C. Army and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2014.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Chaniotis A. Foreign soldiers - native girls? Constructing and crossing boundaries in Hellenistic cities with foreign garrisons. In: Ducrey P, Chaniotis A, editors. Army and power in the ancient world. Stuttgart: Steiner; 2002. pp. 99–113.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Chrubasik B. Kings and Usurpers in the Seleukid Empire: the men who would be king. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2016.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Kosmin PJ. The land of the elephant kings: space, territory, and ideology in the Seleucid Empire. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 2018.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Ma J. Antiochus III and the cities of Western Asia Minor. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press; 2002.","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1765449559561,"lastEdited":1768470883064}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/45","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":45,"name":"Marriage Network of Han Upper Elite Families.","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/V9CIJ5","canonicalCitation":"Li, Yunxin, 2023, \"Han Elites' Social Network Dataset\", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/V9CIJ5, Harvard Dataverse, V4, UNF:6:Bwj9vEMy+Ip3nGphwvq6qg== [fileUNF]","description":"\"Social networks were heavily intertwined with elites’ social status and political power throughout the Han dynasty. This article introduces the Han Elites’ Social Network Dataset, an open-access dataset that the author collected primarily through manual labor. It contains data on Han elites’ marriage, kinship, patron-client, teacher-disciple, friendship, and recommender-nominee relationships. The article then visualizes and analyzes these social networks in relation to Han politics. It argues that social networks provided individuals with channels for upward social mobility and access to political careers, and that the reliance on different types of networks contributed to the formation of political cliques as well as the growing conflict between the inner court and the outer court.\"\n\nFrom https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.113#abstract","fileFormats":["csv","tsv"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Yunxin","lastName":"Li","affiliation":"Simmons University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","orcidId":"0009-0006-4833-4247"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC0-1.0","name":"Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.json"},"tags":["kinship","social_network"],"collectionTags":["han-dynasty"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"45","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"This project was completed under the support of Stanford University’s Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis and Simmons University’s Faculty Fund for Research.","dataPublisher":"Harvard Dataverse","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Elites’ Social Networks and Politics in the Han Empire (202 B.C.E.–220 C.E.). Journal of Open Humanities Data, 9: 12, 2023, pp. 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.113doi: https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.113","url":"https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.113#abstract"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-202,"yearTo":220,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"China","capital":"Beijing","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":105,"lat":35},"iso2":"CN","countryId":"CN"}],"networkTopics":["friendship","kinship","marriage","patron-client","teacher-disciple"],"nodeTopics":["individual","person"],"edgeTopics":["social-connection"],"nodeAttributes":["gender","hometown","name","time-period"],"edgeAttributes":["relationships"],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"no","uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"directed and undirected","weighted":"no","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"no","longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":"yes","hypergraph":null,"signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":1187,"numberOfEdges":1441,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"“Records of marriages in Shi ji, Han shu, and Hou Han shu are focused on the upper elite, especially members of the imperial lineage and consort families. As a result, the imperial lineage has the highest number of connections with other families and plays a central role in the structure of this marriage network.”\n\n“My analysis of the teacher-disciple networks during the Han is based on a close reading of ‘The Biographies of Ru Scholars’ in Shi ji, Han shu, Hou Han shu; the early Tang scholar Lu Deming’s Jing dian shi wen… and the ‘Treatise of Literature’ in Sui shu… I identified 325 scholars and 329 pairs of teacher–disciple relationships from these sources.”\n\n“Because the Western Han scholarly lineages are more completely recorded in the sources and Western Han scholars mostly specialized in only one classic, the schools of the Western Han are much better represented in the graph than those of the Eastern Han. This does not mean these classics were less studied in the Eastern Han… the names of most Eastern Han scholars are not recorded in the sources and thus not visualized in the graph.”\n\n“Whether Han sources refer to the relationship between two individuals as ‘was friends with,’ ‘was on good terms with,’ ‘wandered with,’ or ‘colluded with,’ it can be interpreted as friendship… I do not intend to probe into the essence of these relationships. Instead, the connection… only indicates that these two individuals were considered as in a close relationship by contemporary observers and that this relationship is distinguishable from other types of relationships in this study.”\n\n“It is difficult and unnecessary to visualize the patronage network between the patrons and their ke, given that the number of clients that a patron had is unclear, not to mention that most of the clients’ names are not recorded in historical texts.”","sources":[{"description":"Wei, Zheng 魏徵, et al. (Punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) \n(1973). Sui shu 隋書. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 656 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["administrative","archival","publication"]},{"description":"Chen, Suzhen 陳蘇鎮. ―Lun dong han wai qi zheng zhi‖ 論東漢外戚政治 (2013). In Chen \nSuzhen, Liang han wei jin nan bei chao shi tan you 兩漢魏晉南北朝史探幽 (pp.73-110). \nBeijing: Beijing da xue chu ban she, 2013.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Li, Yunxin, 2023, \"Han Elites' Social Network Dataset\", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/V9CIJ5, Harvard Dataverse, V4, UNF:6:Bwj9vEMy+Ip3nGphwvq6qg== [fileUNF]","sourceTypes":["dataset"]},{"description":"Liu, Z. 劉增貴. (1980). Han dai hun yin zhi du 漢代婚姻制度. Taipei: hua shi chu ban she.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Cai, Liang. (2014). Witchcraft and the Rise of the First Confucian Empire. State University of \nNew York Press.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Cai, Liang. (2019). ―Ru Scholars, Social Networks, and Bureaucracy: Donghai 東海 Men and \nModels for Success in Western Han China (206 b.c.e.-9 c.e.).‖ Early China, 237-271. \nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/eac.2019.8","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Ebrey, Patricia. (1983). Patron Client Relations in the Later Han. Journal of the American \nOriental Society, 103(3), 533-542. https://doi.org/10.2307/602034","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Fan, Ye 范曄. Hou han shu 後漢書 (punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial \nteam.) (1965). Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 424-445 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Lewis, Mark Edward (2021). Honor and Shame in Early China. Cambridge University Press.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Liu, Zenggui 劉增貴. (1980). Han dai hun yin zhi du 漢代婚姻制度. Taipei: hua shi chu ban \nshe.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Masubuchi, Tatsuo 増淵龍夫. (1960.) Chūgoku kodai no shakai to kokka: Shin Kan teikoku \nseiritsu katei no shakaishiteki kenkyū 中国古代の社会と国家: 秦漢帝国成立過程の社\n会史的研究. Tōkyō: Kōbundō.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Sima, Qian 司馬遷 (Punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) (1982). Shi \nji 史記. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju, 1982. (Original work published ca. 91 B.C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Wang, Xianshen 王先慎. (Punctuated and collated by Zhong, Zhe 鍾哲.) (1998). Han Fei zi ji jie \n韓非子集解. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published 1896 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1765449744580,"lastEdited":1768471113771}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/46","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":46,"name":"Western Han Elite Families’ Marriage Network.","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/V9CIJ5","canonicalCitation":"Li, Yunxin, 2023, \"Han Elites' Social Network Dataset\", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/V9CIJ5, Harvard Dataverse, V4, UNF:6:Bwj9vEMy+Ip3nGphwvq6qg== [fileUNF]","description":"\"Social networks were heavily intertwined with elites’ social status and political power throughout the Han dynasty. This article introduces the Han Elites’ Social Network Dataset, an open-access dataset that the author collected primarily through manual labor. It contains data on Han elites’ marriage, kinship, patron-client, teacher-disciple, friendship, and recommender-nominee relationships. The article then visualizes and analyzes these social networks in relation to Han politics. It argues that social networks provided individuals with channels for upward social mobility and access to political careers, and that the reliance on different types of networks contributed to the formation of political cliques as well as the growing conflict between the inner court and the outer court.\"\n\nFrom https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.113#abstract","fileFormats":["csv","tsv"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Yunxin","lastName":"Li","affiliation":"Simmons University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","orcidId":"0009-0006-4833-4247"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC0-1.0","name":"Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.json"},"tags":["kinship","social_network"],"collectionTags":["han-dynasty"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"46","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"This project was completed under the support of Stanford University’s Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis and Simmons University’s Faculty Fund for Research.","dataPublisher":"Harvard Dataverse","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Elites’ Social Networks and Politics in the Han Empire (202 B.C.E.–220 C.E.). Journal of Open Humanities Data, 9: 12, 2023, pp. 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.113doi: https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.113","url":"https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.113#abstract"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-202,"yearTo":220,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"China","capital":"Beijing","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":105,"lat":35},"iso2":"CN","countryId":"CN"}],"networkTopics":["friendship","kinship","marriage","patron-client","teacher-disciple"],"nodeTopics":["individual","person"],"edgeTopics":["social-connection"],"nodeAttributes":["gender","hometown","name","time-period"],"edgeAttributes":["relationships"],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"no","uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"directed and undirected","weighted":"no","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"no","longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":"yes","hypergraph":null,"signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":1187,"numberOfEdges":1441,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"“Records of marriages in Shi ji, Han shu, and Hou Han shu are focused on the upper elite, especially members of the imperial lineage and consort families. As a result, the imperial lineage has the highest number of connections with other families and plays a central role in the structure of this marriage network.”\n\n“My analysis of the teacher-disciple networks during the Han is based on a close reading of ‘The Biographies of Ru Scholars’ in Shi ji, Han shu, Hou Han shu; the early Tang scholar Lu Deming’s Jing dian shi wen… and the ‘Treatise of Literature’ in Sui shu… I identified 325 scholars and 329 pairs of teacher–disciple relationships from these sources.”\n\n“Because the Western Han scholarly lineages are more completely recorded in the sources and Western Han scholars mostly specialized in only one classic, the schools of the Western Han are much better represented in the graph than those of the Eastern Han. This does not mean these classics were less studied in the Eastern Han… the names of most Eastern Han scholars are not recorded in the sources and thus not visualized in the graph.”\n\n“Whether Han sources refer to the relationship between two individuals as ‘was friends with,’ ‘was on good terms with,’ ‘wandered with,’ or ‘colluded with,’ it can be interpreted as friendship… I do not intend to probe into the essence of these relationships. Instead, the connection… only indicates that these two individuals were considered as in a close relationship by contemporary observers and that this relationship is distinguishable from other types of relationships in this study.”\n\n“It is difficult and unnecessary to visualize the patronage network between the patrons and their ke, given that the number of clients that a patron had is unclear, not to mention that most of the clients’ names are not recorded in historical texts.”","sources":[{"description":"Wei, Zheng 魏徵, et al. (Punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) \n(1973). Sui shu 隋書. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 656 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["administrative","archival","publication"]},{"description":"Li, Yunxin, 2023, \"Han Elites' Social Network Dataset\", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/V9CIJ5, Harvard Dataverse, V4, UNF:6:Bwj9vEMy+Ip3nGphwvq6qg== [fileUNF]","sourceTypes":["dataset"]},{"description":"Liu, Z. 劉增貴. (1980). Han dai hun yin zhi du 漢代婚姻制度. Taipei: hua shi chu ban she.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Ban, Gu 班固. Han shu 漢書 (punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) \n(1962). Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 54-80 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Cai, Liang. (2014). Witchcraft and the Rise of the First Confucian Empire. State University of \nNew York Press.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Cai, Liang. (2019). ―Ru Scholars, Social Networks, and Bureaucracy: Donghai 東海 Men and \nModels for Success in Western Han China (206 b.c.e.-9 c.e.).‖ Early China, 237-271. \nDOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/eac.2019.8","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Chen, Suzhen 陳蘇鎮. ―Lun dong han wai qi zheng zhi‖ 論東漢外戚政治 (2013). In Chen \nSuzhen, Liang han wei jin nan bei chao shi tan you 兩漢魏晉南北朝史探幽 (pp.73-110). \nBeijing: Beijing da xue chu ban she, 2013.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Ebrey, Patricia. (1983). Patron Client Relations in the Later Han. Journal of the American \nOriental Society, 103(3), 533-542. https://doi.org/10.2307/602034","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Fan, Ye 范曄. Hou han shu 後漢書 (punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial \nteam.) (1965). Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 424-445 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Lewis, Mark Edward (2021). Honor and Shame in Early China. Cambridge University Press.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Liu, Zenggui 劉增貴. (1980). Han dai hun yin zhi du 漢代婚姻制度. Taipei: hua shi chu ban \nshe.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Masubuchi, Tatsuo 増淵龍夫. (1960.) Chūgoku kodai no shakai to kokka: Shin Kan teikoku \nseiritsu katei no shakaishiteki kenkyū 中国古代の社会と国家: 秦漢帝国成立過程の社\n会史的研究. Tōkyō: Kōbundō.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Sima, Qian 司馬遷 (Punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) (1982). Shi \nji 史記. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju, 1982. (Original work published ca. 91 B.C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Wang, Xianshen 王先慎. (Punctuated and collated by Zhong, Zhe 鍾哲.) (1998). Han Fei zi ji jie \n韓非子集解. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published 1896 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1765449842829,"lastEdited":1768471123350}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/47","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":47,"name":"Eastern Han Elite Families’ Marriage Network.","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/V9CIJ5","canonicalCitation":"Li, Yunxin, 2023, \"Han Elites' Social Network Dataset\", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/V9CIJ5, Harvard Dataverse, V4, UNF:6:Bwj9vEMy+Ip3nGphwvq6qg== [fileUNF]","description":"\"Social networks were heavily intertwined with elites’ social status and political power throughout the Han dynasty. This article introduces the Han Elites’ Social Network Dataset, an open-access dataset that the author collected primarily through manual labor. It contains data on Han elites’ marriage, kinship, patron-client, teacher-disciple, friendship, and recommender-nominee relationships. The article then visualizes and analyzes these social networks in relation to Han politics. It argues that social networks provided individuals with channels for upward social mobility and access to political careers, and that the reliance on different types of networks contributed to the formation of political cliques as well as the growing conflict between the inner court and the outer court.\"\n\nFrom https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.113#abstract","fileFormats":["csv","tsv"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Yunxin","lastName":"Li","affiliation":"Simmons University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","orcidId":"0009-0006-4833-4247"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC0-1.0","name":"Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.json"},"tags":["kinship","social_network"],"collectionTags":["han-dynasty"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"47","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"This project was completed under the support of Stanford University’s Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis and Simmons University’s Faculty Fund for Research.","dataPublisher":"Harvard Dataverse","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Elites’ Social Networks and Politics in the Han Empire (202 B.C.E.–220 C.E.). Journal of Open Humanities Data, 9: 12, 2023, pp. 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.113doi: https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.113","url":"https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.113#abstract"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-202,"yearTo":220,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"China","capital":"Beijing","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":105,"lat":35},"iso2":"CN","countryId":"CN"}],"networkTopics":["friendship","kinship","marriage","patron-client","teacher-disciple"],"nodeTopics":["individual","person"],"edgeTopics":["social-connection"],"nodeAttributes":["gender","hometown","name","time-period"],"edgeAttributes":["relationships"],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"no","uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"directed and undirected","weighted":"no","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"no","longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":"yes","hypergraph":null,"signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":1187,"numberOfEdges":1441,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"“Records of marriages in Shi ji, Han shu, and Hou Han shu are focused on the upper elite, especially members of the imperial lineage and consort families. As a result, the imperial lineage has the highest number of connections with other families and plays a central role in the structure of this marriage network.”\n\n“My analysis of the teacher-disciple networks during the Han is based on a close reading of ‘The Biographies of Ru Scholars’ in Shi ji, Han shu, Hou Han shu; the early Tang scholar Lu Deming’s Jing dian shi wen… and the ‘Treatise of Literature’ in Sui shu… I identified 325 scholars and 329 pairs of teacher–disciple relationships from these sources.”\n\n“Because the Western Han scholarly lineages are more completely recorded in the sources and Western Han scholars mostly specialized in only one classic, the schools of the Western Han are much better represented in the graph than those of the Eastern Han. This does not mean these classics were less studied in the Eastern Han… the names of most Eastern Han scholars are not recorded in the sources and thus not visualized in the graph.”\n\n“Whether Han sources refer to the relationship between two individuals as ‘was friends with,’ ‘was on good terms with,’ ‘wandered with,’ or ‘colluded with,’ it can be interpreted as friendship… I do not intend to probe into the essence of these relationships. Instead, the connection… only indicates that these two individuals were considered as in a close relationship by contemporary observers and that this relationship is distinguishable from other types of relationships in this study.”\n\n“It is difficult and unnecessary to visualize the patronage network between the patrons and their ke, given that the number of clients that a patron had is unclear, not to mention that most of the clients’ names are not recorded in historical texts.”","sources":[{"description":"Chen, Suzhen 陳蘇鎮. ―Lun dong han wai qi zheng zhi‖ 論東漢外戚政治 (2013). In Chen \nSuzhen, Liang han wei jin nan bei chao shi tan you 兩漢魏晉南北朝史探幽 (pp.73-110). \nBeijing: Beijing da xue chu ban she, 2013.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"liu, Z. 劉增貴. (1980). Han dai hun yin zhi du 漢代婚姻制度. Taipei: hua shi chu ban she.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Ban, Gu 班固. Han shu 漢書 (punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) \n(1962). Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 54-80 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Cai, Liang. (2014). Witchcraft and the Rise of the First Confucian Empire. State University of \nNew York Press.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Cai, Liang. (2019). ―Ru Scholars, Social Networks, and Bureaucracy: Donghai 東海 Men and \nModels for Success in Western Han China (206 b.c.e.-9 c.e.).‖ Early China, 237-271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/eac.2019.8","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Wei, Zheng 魏徵, et al. (Punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) \n(1973). Sui shu 隋書. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 656 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Fan, Ye 范曄. Hou han shu 後漢書 (punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial \nteam.) (1965). Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 424-445 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Lewis, Mark Edward (2021). Honor and Shame in Early China. Cambridge University Press. \nLiu, Zenggui 劉增貴. (1980). Han dai hun yin zhi du 漢代婚姻制度. Taipei: hua shi chu ban \nshe.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Masubuchi, Tatsuo 増淵龍夫. (1960.) Chūgoku kodai no shakai to kokka: Shin Kan teikoku \nseiritsu katei no shakaishiteki kenkyū 中国古代の社会と国家: 秦漢帝国成立過程の社\n会史的研究. Tōkyō: Kōbundō.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Sima, Qian 司馬遷 (Punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) (1982). Shi \nji 史記. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju, 1982. (Original work published ca. 91 B.C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Wang, Xianshen 王先慎. (Punctuated and collated by Zhong, Zhe 鍾哲.) (1998). Han Fei zi ji jie \n韓非子集解. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published 1896 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1765450038616,"lastEdited":1768471143020}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/48","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":48,"name":"Han Superior-Subordinate Network.","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/V9CIJ5","canonicalCitation":"Li, Yunxin, 2023, \"Han Elites' Social Network Dataset\", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/V9CIJ5, Harvard Dataverse, V4, UNF:6:Bwj9vEMy+Ip3nGphwvq6qg== [fileUNF]","description":"\"Social networks were heavily intertwined with elites’ social status and political power throughout the Han dynasty. This article introduces the Han Elites’ Social Network Dataset, an open-access dataset that the author collected primarily through manual labor. It contains data on Han elites’ marriage, kinship, patron-client, teacher-disciple, friendship, and recommender-nominee relationships. The article then visualizes and analyzes these social networks in relation to Han politics. It argues that social networks provided individuals with channels for upward social mobility and access to political careers, and that the reliance on different types of networks contributed to the formation of political cliques as well as the growing conflict between the inner court and the outer court.\"\n\nFrom https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.113#abstract","fileFormats":["csv","tsv"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Yunxin","lastName":"Li","affiliation":"Simmons University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","orcidId":"0009-0006-4833-4247"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC0-1.0","name":"Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.json"},"tags":["kinship","social_network"],"collectionTags":["han-dynasty"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"48","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"This project was completed under the support of Stanford University’s Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis and Simmons University’s Faculty Fund for Research.","dataPublisher":"Harvard Dataverse","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Elites’ Social Networks and Politics in the Han Empire (202 B.C.E.–220 C.E.). Journal of Open Humanities Data, 9: 12, 2023, pp. 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.113doi: https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.113","url":"https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.113#abstract"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-202,"yearTo":220,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"China","capital":"Beijing","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":105,"lat":35},"iso2":"CN","countryId":"CN"}],"networkTopics":["friendship","kinship","marriage","patron-client","teacher-disciple"],"nodeTopics":["individual","person"],"edgeTopics":["social-connection"],"nodeAttributes":["gender","hometown","name","time-period"],"edgeAttributes":["relationships"],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"no","uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"directed and undirected","weighted":"no","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"no","longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":"yes","hypergraph":null,"signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":1187,"numberOfEdges":1441,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"“Records of marriages in Shi ji, Han shu, and Hou Han shu are focused on the upper elite, especially members of the imperial lineage and consort families. As a result, the imperial lineage has the highest number of connections with other families and plays a central role in the structure of this marriage network.”\n\n“My analysis of the teacher-disciple networks during the Han is based on a close reading of ‘The Biographies of Ru Scholars’ in Shi ji, Han shu, Hou Han shu; the early Tang scholar Lu Deming’s Jing dian shi wen… and the ‘Treatise of Literature’ in Sui shu… I identified 325 scholars and 329 pairs of teacher–disciple relationships from these sources.”\n\n“Because the Western Han scholarly lineages are more completely recorded in the sources and Western Han scholars mostly specialized in only one classic, the schools of the Western Han are much better represented in the graph than those of the Eastern Han. This does not mean these classics were less studied in the Eastern Han… the names of most Eastern Han scholars are not recorded in the sources and thus not visualized in the graph.”\n\n“Whether Han sources refer to the relationship between two individuals as ‘was friends with,’ ‘was on good terms with,’ ‘wandered with,’ or ‘colluded with,’ it can be interpreted as friendship… I do not intend to probe into the essence of these relationships. Instead, the connection… only indicates that these two individuals were considered as in a close relationship by contemporary observers and that this relationship is distinguishable from other types of relationships in this study.”\n\n“It is difficult and unnecessary to visualize the patronage network between the patrons and their ke, given that the number of clients that a patron had is unclear, not to mention that most of the clients’ names are not recorded in historical texts.”","sources":[{"description":"Chen, Suzhen 陳蘇鎮. ―Lun dong han wai qi zheng zhi‖ 論東漢外戚政治 (2013). In Chen \nSuzhen, Liang han wei jin nan bei chao shi tan you 兩漢魏晉南北朝史探幽 (pp.73-110). \nBeijing: Beijing da xue chu ban she, 2013.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"liu, Z. 劉增貴. (1980). Han dai hun yin zhi du 漢代婚姻制度. Taipei: hua shi chu ban she.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Ban, Gu 班固. Han shu 漢書 (punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) \n(1962). Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 54-80 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Cai, Liang. (2014). Witchcraft and the Rise of the First Confucian Empire. State University of \nNew York Press.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Cai, Liang. (2019). ―Ru Scholars, Social Networks, and Bureaucracy: Donghai 東海 Men and \nModels for Success in Western Han China (206 b.c.e.-9 c.e.).‖ Early China, 237-271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/eac.2019.8","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Wei, Zheng 魏徵, et al. (Punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) \n(1973). Sui shu 隋書. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 656 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Fan, Ye 范曄. Hou han shu 後漢書 (punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial \nteam.) (1965). Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 424-445 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Lewis, Mark Edward (2021). Honor and Shame in Early China. Cambridge University Press. \nLiu, Zenggui 劉增貴. (1980). Han dai hun yin zhi du 漢代婚姻制度. Taipei: hua shi chu ban \nshe.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Masubuchi, Tatsuo 増淵龍夫. (1960.) Chūgoku kodai no shakai to kokka: Shin Kan teikoku \nseiritsu katei no shakaishiteki kenkyū 中国古代の社会と国家: 秦漢帝国成立過程の社\n会史的研究. Tōkyō: Kōbundō.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Sima, Qian 司馬遷 (Punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) (1982). Shi \nji 史記. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju, 1982. (Original work published ca. 91 B.C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Wang, Xianshen 王先慎. (Punctuated and collated by Zhong, Zhe 鍾哲.) (1998). Han Fei zi ji jie \n韓非子集解. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published 1896 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1765450463629,"lastEdited":1768471162553}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/49","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":49,"name":"Han Teacher-Disciple Network Colored by Classics.","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/V9CIJ5","canonicalCitation":"Li, Yunxin, 2023, \"Han Elites' Social Network Dataset\", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/V9CIJ5, Harvard Dataverse, V4, UNF:6:Bwj9vEMy+Ip3nGphwvq6qg== [fileUNF]","description":"\"Social networks were heavily intertwined with elites’ social status and political power throughout the Han dynasty. This article introduces the Han Elites’ Social Network Dataset, an open-access dataset that the author collected primarily through manual labor. It contains data on Han elites’ marriage, kinship, patron-client, teacher-disciple, friendship, and recommender-nominee relationships. The article then visualizes and analyzes these social networks in relation to Han politics. It argues that social networks provided individuals with channels for upward social mobility and access to political careers, and that the reliance on different types of networks contributed to the formation of political cliques as well as the growing conflict between the inner court and the outer court.\"\n\nFrom https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.113#abstract","fileFormats":["csv","tsv"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Yunxin","lastName":"Li","affiliation":"Simmons University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","orcidId":"0009-0006-4833-4247"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC0-1.0","name":"Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.json"},"tags":["kinship","social_network"],"collectionTags":["han-dynasty"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"49","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"This project was completed under the support of Stanford University’s Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis and Simmons University’s Faculty Fund for Research.","dataPublisher":"Harvard Dataverse","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Elites’ Social Networks and Politics in the Han Empire (202 B.C.E.–220 C.E.). Journal of Open Humanities Data, 9: 12, 2023, pp. 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.113doi: https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.113","url":"https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.113#abstract"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-202,"yearTo":220,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"China","capital":"Beijing","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":105,"lat":35},"iso2":"CN","countryId":"CN"}],"networkTopics":["friendship","kinship","marriage","patron-client","teacher-disciple"],"nodeTopics":["individual","person"],"edgeTopics":["social-connection"],"nodeAttributes":["gender","hometown","name","time-period"],"edgeAttributes":["relationships"],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"no","uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"directed and undirected","weighted":"no","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"no","longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":"yes","hypergraph":null,"signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":1187,"numberOfEdges":1441,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"“Records of marriages in Shi ji, Han shu, and Hou Han shu are focused on the upper elite, especially members of the imperial lineage and consort families. As a result, the imperial lineage has the highest number of connections with other families and plays a central role in the structure of this marriage network.”\n\n“My analysis of the teacher-disciple networks during the Han is based on a close reading of ‘The Biographies of Ru Scholars’ in Shi ji, Han shu, Hou Han shu; the early Tang scholar Lu Deming’s Jing dian shi wen… and the ‘Treatise of Literature’ in Sui shu… I identified 325 scholars and 329 pairs of teacher–disciple relationships from these sources.”\n\n“Because the Western Han scholarly lineages are more completely recorded in the sources and Western Han scholars mostly specialized in only one classic, the schools of the Western Han are much better represented in the graph than those of the Eastern Han. This does not mean these classics were less studied in the Eastern Han… the names of most Eastern Han scholars are not recorded in the sources and thus not visualized in the graph.”\n\n“Whether Han sources refer to the relationship between two individuals as ‘was friends with,’ ‘was on good terms with,’ ‘wandered with,’ or ‘colluded with,’ it can be interpreted as friendship… I do not intend to probe into the essence of these relationships. Instead, the connection… only indicates that these two individuals were considered as in a close relationship by contemporary observers and that this relationship is distinguishable from other types of relationships in this study.”\n\n“It is difficult and unnecessary to visualize the patronage network between the patrons and their ke, given that the number of clients that a patron had is unclear, not to mention that most of the clients’ names are not recorded in historical texts.”","sources":[{"description":"Chen, Suzhen 陳蘇鎮. ―Lun dong han wai qi zheng zhi‖ 論東漢外戚政治 (2013). In Chen \nSuzhen, Liang han wei jin nan bei chao shi tan you 兩漢魏晉南北朝史探幽 (pp.73-110). \nBeijing: Beijing da xue chu ban she, 2013.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"liu, Z. 劉增貴. (1980). Han dai hun yin zhi du 漢代婚姻制度. Taipei: hua shi chu ban she.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Ban, Gu 班固. Han shu 漢書 (punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) \n(1962). Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 54-80 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Cai, Liang. (2014). Witchcraft and the Rise of the First Confucian Empire. State University of \nNew York Press.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Cai, Liang. (2019). ―Ru Scholars, Social Networks, and Bureaucracy: Donghai 東海 Men and \nModels for Success in Western Han China (206 b.c.e.-9 c.e.).‖ Early China, 237-271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/eac.2019.8","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Wei, Zheng 魏徵, et al. (Punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) \n(1973). Sui shu 隋書. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 656 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Fan, Ye 范曄. Hou han shu 後漢書 (punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial \nteam.) (1965). Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 424-445 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Lewis, Mark Edward (2021). Honor and Shame in Early China. Cambridge University Press. \nLiu, Zenggui 劉增貴. (1980). Han dai hun yin zhi du 漢代婚姻制度. Taipei: hua shi chu ban \nshe.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Masubuchi, Tatsuo 増淵龍夫. (1960.) Chūgoku kodai no shakai to kokka: Shin Kan teikoku \nseiritsu katei no shakaishiteki kenkyū 中国古代の社会と国家: 秦漢帝国成立過程の社\n会史的研究. Tōkyō: Kōbundō.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Sima, Qian 司馬遷 (Punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) (1982). Shi \nji 史記. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju, 1982. (Original work published ca. 91 B.C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Wang, Xianshen 王先慎. (Punctuated and collated by Zhong, Zhe 鍾哲.) (1998). Han Fei zi ji jie \n韓非子集解. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published 1896 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1765450529198,"lastEdited":1768471175889}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/50","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":50,"name":"Han Teacher-Disciple Network.","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/V9CIJ5","canonicalCitation":"Li, Yunxin, 2023, \"Han Elites' Social Network Dataset\", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/V9CIJ5, Harvard Dataverse, V4, UNF:6:Bwj9vEMy+Ip3nGphwvq6qg== [fileUNF]","description":"\"Social networks were heavily intertwined with elites’ social status and political power throughout the Han dynasty. This article introduces the Han Elites’ Social Network Dataset, an open-access dataset that the author collected primarily through manual labor. It contains data on Han elites’ marriage, kinship, patron-client, teacher-disciple, friendship, and recommender-nominee relationships. The article then visualizes and analyzes these social networks in relation to Han politics. It argues that social networks provided individuals with channels for upward social mobility and access to political careers, and that the reliance on different types of networks contributed to the formation of political cliques as well as the growing conflict between the inner court and the outer court.\"\n\nFrom https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.113#abstract","fileFormats":["csv","tsv"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Yunxin","lastName":"Li","affiliation":"Simmons University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","orcidId":"0009-0006-4833-4247"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC0-1.0","name":"Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.json"},"tags":["kinship","social_network"],"collectionTags":["han-dynasty"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"50","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"This project was completed under the support of Stanford University’s Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis and Simmons University’s Faculty Fund for Research.","dataPublisher":"Harvard Dataverse","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Elites’ Social Networks and Politics in the Han Empire (202 B.C.E.–220 C.E.). Journal of Open Humanities Data, 9: 12, 2023, pp. 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.113doi: https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.113","url":"https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.113#abstract"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-202,"yearTo":220,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"China","capital":"Beijing","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":105,"lat":35},"iso2":"CN","countryId":"CN"}],"networkTopics":["friendship","kinship","marriage","patron-client","teacher-disciple"],"nodeTopics":["individual","person"],"edgeTopics":["social-connection"],"nodeAttributes":["gender","hometown","name","time-period"],"edgeAttributes":["relationships"],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"no","uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"directed and undirected","weighted":"no","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"no","longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":"yes","hypergraph":null,"signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":1187,"numberOfEdges":1441,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"“Records of marriages in Shi ji, Han shu, and Hou Han shu are focused on the upper elite, especially members of the imperial lineage and consort families. As a result, the imperial lineage has the highest number of connections with other families and plays a central role in the structure of this marriage network.”\n\n“My analysis of the teacher-disciple networks during the Han is based on a close reading of ‘The Biographies of Ru Scholars’ in Shi ji, Han shu, Hou Han shu; the early Tang scholar Lu Deming’s Jing dian shi wen… and the ‘Treatise of Literature’ in Sui shu… I identified 325 scholars and 329 pairs of teacher–disciple relationships from these sources.”\n\n“Because the Western Han scholarly lineages are more completely recorded in the sources and Western Han scholars mostly specialized in only one classic, the schools of the Western Han are much better represented in the graph than those of the Eastern Han. This does not mean these classics were less studied in the Eastern Han… the names of most Eastern Han scholars are not recorded in the sources and thus not visualized in the graph.”\n\n“Whether Han sources refer to the relationship between two individuals as ‘was friends with,’ ‘was on good terms with,’ ‘wandered with,’ or ‘colluded with,’ it can be interpreted as friendship… I do not intend to probe into the essence of these relationships. Instead, the connection… only indicates that these two individuals were considered as in a close relationship by contemporary observers and that this relationship is distinguishable from other types of relationships in this study.”\n\n“It is difficult and unnecessary to visualize the patronage network between the patrons and their ke, given that the number of clients that a patron had is unclear, not to mention that most of the clients’ names are not recorded in historical texts.”","sources":[{"description":"Chen, Suzhen 陳蘇鎮. ―Lun dong han wai qi zheng zhi‖ 論東漢外戚政治 (2013). In Chen \nSuzhen, Liang han wei jin nan bei chao shi tan you 兩漢魏晉南北朝史探幽 (pp.73-110). \nBeijing: Beijing da xue chu ban she, 2013.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"liu, Z. 劉增貴. (1980). Han dai hun yin zhi du 漢代婚姻制度. Taipei: hua shi chu ban she.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Ban, Gu 班固. Han shu 漢書 (punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) \n(1962). Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 54-80 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Cai, Liang. (2014). Witchcraft and the Rise of the First Confucian Empire. State University of \nNew York Press.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Cai, Liang. (2019). ―Ru Scholars, Social Networks, and Bureaucracy: Donghai 東海 Men and \nModels for Success in Western Han China (206 b.c.e.-9 c.e.).‖ Early China, 237-271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/eac.2019.8","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Wei, Zheng 魏徵, et al. (Punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) \n(1973). Sui shu 隋書. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 656 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Fan, Ye 范曄. Hou han shu 後漢書 (punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial \nteam.) (1965). Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 424-445 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Lewis, Mark Edward (2021). Honor and Shame in Early China. Cambridge University Press. \nLiu, Zenggui 劉增貴. (1980). Han dai hun yin zhi du 漢代婚姻制度. Taipei: hua shi chu ban \nshe.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Masubuchi, Tatsuo 増淵龍夫. (1960.) Chūgoku kodai no shakai to kokka: Shin Kan teikoku \nseiritsu katei no shakaishiteki kenkyū 中国古代の社会と国家: 秦漢帝国成立過程の社\n会史的研究. Tōkyō: Kōbundō.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Sima, Qian 司馬遷 (Punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) (1982). Shi \nji 史記. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju, 1982. (Original work published ca. 91 B.C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Wang, Xianshen 王先慎. (Punctuated and collated by Zhong, Zhe 鍾哲.) (1998). Han Fei zi ji jie \n韓非子集解. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published 1896 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1765450592891,"lastEdited":1768471197613}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/51","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":51,"name":"Han Elites’ Friendship Network.","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/V9CIJ5","canonicalCitation":"Li, Yunxin, 2023, \"Han Elites' Social Network Dataset\", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/V9CIJ5, Harvard Dataverse, V4, UNF:6:Bwj9vEMy+Ip3nGphwvq6qg== [fileUNF]","description":"\"Social networks were heavily intertwined with elites’ social status and political power throughout the Han dynasty. This article introduces the Han Elites’ Social Network Dataset, an open-access dataset that the author collected primarily through manual labor. It contains data on Han elites’ marriage, kinship, patron-client, teacher-disciple, friendship, and recommender-nominee relationships. The article then visualizes and analyzes these social networks in relation to Han politics. It argues that social networks provided individuals with channels for upward social mobility and access to political careers, and that the reliance on different types of networks contributed to the formation of political cliques as well as the growing conflict between the inner court and the outer court.\"\n\nFrom https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.113#abstract","fileFormats":["csv","tsv"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Yunxin","lastName":"Li","affiliation":"Simmons University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","orcidId":"0009-0006-4833-4247"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC0-1.0","name":"Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.json"},"tags":["kinship","social_network"],"collectionTags":["han-dynasty"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"51","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"This project was completed under the support of Stanford University’s Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis and Simmons University’s Faculty Fund for Research.","dataPublisher":"Harvard Dataverse","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Elites’ Social Networks and Politics in the Han Empire (202 B.C.E.–220 C.E.). Journal of Open Humanities Data, 9: 12, 2023, pp. 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.113doi: https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.113","url":"https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.113#abstract"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-202,"yearTo":220,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"China","capital":"Beijing","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":105,"lat":35},"iso2":"CN","countryId":"CN"}],"networkTopics":["friendship","kinship","marriage","patron-client","teacher-disciple"],"nodeTopics":["individual","person"],"edgeTopics":["social-connection"],"nodeAttributes":["gender","hometown","name","time-period"],"edgeAttributes":["relationships"],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"no","uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"directed and undirected","weighted":"no","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"no","longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":"yes","hypergraph":null,"signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":1187,"numberOfEdges":1441,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"“Records of marriages in Shi ji, Han shu, and Hou Han shu are focused on the upper elite, especially members of the imperial lineage and consort families. As a result, the imperial lineage has the highest number of connections with other families and plays a central role in the structure of this marriage network.”\n\n“My analysis of the teacher-disciple networks during the Han is based on a close reading of ‘The Biographies of Ru Scholars’ in Shi ji, Han shu, Hou Han shu; the early Tang scholar Lu Deming’s Jing dian shi wen… and the ‘Treatise of Literature’ in Sui shu… I identified 325 scholars and 329 pairs of teacher–disciple relationships from these sources.”\n\n“Because the Western Han scholarly lineages are more completely recorded in the sources and Western Han scholars mostly specialized in only one classic, the schools of the Western Han are much better represented in the graph than those of the Eastern Han. This does not mean these classics were less studied in the Eastern Han… the names of most Eastern Han scholars are not recorded in the sources and thus not visualized in the graph.”\n\n“Whether Han sources refer to the relationship between two individuals as ‘was friends with,’ ‘was on good terms with,’ ‘wandered with,’ or ‘colluded with,’ it can be interpreted as friendship… I do not intend to probe into the essence of these relationships. Instead, the connection… only indicates that these two individuals were considered as in a close relationship by contemporary observers and that this relationship is distinguishable from other types of relationships in this study.”\n\n“It is difficult and unnecessary to visualize the patronage network between the patrons and their ke, given that the number of clients that a patron had is unclear, not to mention that most of the clients’ names are not recorded in historical texts.”","sources":[{"description":"Chen, Suzhen 陳蘇鎮. ―Lun dong han wai qi zheng zhi‖ 論東漢外戚政治 (2013). In Chen \nSuzhen, Liang han wei jin nan bei chao shi tan you 兩漢魏晉南北朝史探幽 (pp.73-110). \nBeijing: Beijing da xue chu ban she, 2013.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"liu, Z. 劉增貴. (1980). Han dai hun yin zhi du 漢代婚姻制度. Taipei: hua shi chu ban she.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Ban, Gu 班固. Han shu 漢書 (punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) \n(1962). Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 54-80 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Cai, Liang. (2014). Witchcraft and the Rise of the First Confucian Empire. State University of \nNew York Press.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Cai, Liang. (2019). ―Ru Scholars, Social Networks, and Bureaucracy: Donghai 東海 Men and \nModels for Success in Western Han China (206 b.c.e.-9 c.e.).‖ Early China, 237-271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/eac.2019.8","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Wei, Zheng 魏徵, et al. (Punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) \n(1973). Sui shu 隋書. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 656 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Fan, Ye 范曄. Hou han shu 後漢書 (punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial \nteam.) (1965). Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 424-445 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Lewis, Mark Edward (2021). Honor and Shame in Early China. Cambridge University Press. \nLiu, Zenggui 劉增貴. (1980). Han dai hun yin zhi du 漢代婚姻制度. Taipei: hua shi chu ban \nshe.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Masubuchi, Tatsuo 増淵龍夫. (1960.) Chūgoku kodai no shakai to kokka: Shin Kan teikoku \nseiritsu katei no shakaishiteki kenkyū 中国古代の社会と国家: 秦漢帝国成立過程の社\n会史的研究. Tōkyō: Kōbundō.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Sima, Qian 司馬遷 (Punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) (1982). Shi \nji 史記. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju, 1982. (Original work published ca. 91 B.C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Wang, Xianshen 王先慎. (Punctuated and collated by Zhong, Zhe 鍾哲.) (1998). Han Fei zi ji jie \n韓非子集解. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published 1896 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1765450777529,"lastEdited":1768471219811}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/52","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":52,"name":"A Small Friendship Network in the Late Western Han","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/V9CIJ5","canonicalCitation":"Li, Yunxin, 2023, \"Han Elites' Social Network Dataset\", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/V9CIJ5, Harvard Dataverse, V4, UNF:6:Bwj9vEMy+Ip3nGphwvq6qg== [fileUNF]","description":"\"Social networks were heavily intertwined with elites’ social status and political power throughout the Han dynasty. This article introduces the Han Elites’ Social Network Dataset, an open-access dataset that the author collected primarily through manual labor. It contains data on Han elites’ marriage, kinship, patron-client, teacher-disciple, friendship, and recommender-nominee relationships. The article then visualizes and analyzes these social networks in relation to Han politics. It argues that social networks provided individuals with channels for upward social mobility and access to political careers, and that the reliance on different types of networks contributed to the formation of political cliques as well as the growing conflict between the inner court and the outer court.\"\n\nFrom https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.113#abstract","fileFormats":["csv","tsv"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Yunxin","lastName":"Li","affiliation":"Simmons University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","orcidId":"0009-0006-4833-4247"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC0-1.0","name":"Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.json"},"tags":["kinship","social_network"],"collectionTags":["han-dynasty"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"52","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"This project was completed under the support of Stanford University’s Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis and Simmons University’s Faculty Fund for Research.","dataPublisher":"Harvard Dataverse","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Elites’ Social Networks and Politics in the Han Empire (202 B.C.E.–220 C.E.). Journal of Open Humanities Data, 9: 12, 2023, pp. 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.113doi: https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.113","url":"https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.113#abstract"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-202,"yearTo":220,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"China","capital":"Beijing","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":105,"lat":35},"iso2":"CN","countryId":"CN"}],"networkTopics":["friendship","kinship","marriage","patron-client","teacher-disciple"],"nodeTopics":["individual","person"],"edgeTopics":["social-connection"],"nodeAttributes":["gender","hometown","name","time-period"],"edgeAttributes":["relationships"],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"no","uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"directed and undirected","weighted":"no","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"no","longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":"yes","hypergraph":null,"signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":1187,"numberOfEdges":1441,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"“Records of marriages in Shi ji, Han shu, and Hou Han shu are focused on the upper elite, especially members of the imperial lineage and consort families. As a result, the imperial lineage has the highest number of connections with other families and plays a central role in the structure of this marriage network.”\n\n“My analysis of the teacher-disciple networks during the Han is based on a close reading of ‘The Biographies of Ru Scholars’ in Shi ji, Han shu, Hou Han shu; the early Tang scholar Lu Deming’s Jing dian shi wen… and the ‘Treatise of Literature’ in Sui shu… I identified 325 scholars and 329 pairs of teacher–disciple relationships from these sources.”\n\n“Because the Western Han scholarly lineages are more completely recorded in the sources and Western Han scholars mostly specialized in only one classic, the schools of the Western Han are much better represented in the graph than those of the Eastern Han. This does not mean these classics were less studied in the Eastern Han… the names of most Eastern Han scholars are not recorded in the sources and thus not visualized in the graph.”\n\n“Whether Han sources refer to the relationship between two individuals as ‘was friends with,’ ‘was on good terms with,’ ‘wandered with,’ or ‘colluded with,’ it can be interpreted as friendship… I do not intend to probe into the essence of these relationships. Instead, the connection… only indicates that these two individuals were considered as in a close relationship by contemporary observers and that this relationship is distinguishable from other types of relationships in this study.”\n\n“It is difficult and unnecessary to visualize the patronage network between the patrons and their ke, given that the number of clients that a patron had is unclear, not to mention that most of the clients’ names are not recorded in historical texts.”","sources":[{"description":"Chen, Suzhen 陳蘇鎮. ―Lun dong han wai qi zheng zhi‖ 論東漢外戚政治 (2013). In Chen \nSuzhen, Liang han wei jin nan bei chao shi tan you 兩漢魏晉南北朝史探幽 (pp.73-110). \nBeijing: Beijing da xue chu ban she, 2013.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"liu, Z. 劉增貴. (1980). Han dai hun yin zhi du 漢代婚姻制度. Taipei: hua shi chu ban she.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Ban, Gu 班固. Han shu 漢書 (punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) \n(1962). Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 54-80 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Cai, Liang. (2014). Witchcraft and the Rise of the First Confucian Empire. State University of \nNew York Press.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Cai, Liang. (2019). ―Ru Scholars, Social Networks, and Bureaucracy: Donghai 東海 Men and \nModels for Success in Western Han China (206 b.c.e.-9 c.e.).‖ Early China, 237-271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/eac.2019.8","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Wei, Zheng 魏徵, et al. (Punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) \n(1973). Sui shu 隋書. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 656 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Fan, Ye 范曄. Hou han shu 後漢書 (punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial \nteam.) (1965). Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 424-445 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Lewis, Mark Edward (2021). Honor and Shame in Early China. Cambridge University Press. \nLiu, Zenggui 劉增貴. (1980). Han dai hun yin zhi du 漢代婚姻制度. Taipei: hua shi chu ban \nshe.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Masubuchi, Tatsuo 増淵龍夫. (1960.) Chūgoku kodai no shakai to kokka: Shin Kan teikoku \nseiritsu katei no shakaishiteki kenkyū 中国古代の社会と国家: 秦漢帝国成立過程の社\n会史的研究. Tōkyō: Kōbundō.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Sima, Qian 司馬遷 (Punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) (1982). Shi \nji 史記. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju, 1982. (Original work published ca. 91 B.C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Wang, Xianshen 王先慎. (Punctuated and collated by Zhong, Zhe 鍾哲.) (1998). Han Fei zi ji jie \n韓非子集解. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published 1896 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1765450838265,"lastEdited":1768471240134}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/53","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":53,"name":"Han Recommender-Nominee Network.","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/V9CIJ5","canonicalCitation":"Li, Yunxin, 2023, \"Han Elites' Social Network Dataset\", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/V9CIJ5, Harvard Dataverse, V4, UNF:6:Bwj9vEMy+Ip3nGphwvq6qg== [fileUNF]","description":"\"Social networks were heavily intertwined with elites’ social status and political power throughout the Han dynasty. This article introduces the Han Elites’ Social Network Dataset, an open-access dataset that the author collected primarily through manual labor. It contains data on Han elites’ marriage, kinship, patron-client, teacher-disciple, friendship, and recommender-nominee relationships. The article then visualizes and analyzes these social networks in relation to Han politics. It argues that social networks provided individuals with channels for upward social mobility and access to political careers, and that the reliance on different types of networks contributed to the formation of political cliques as well as the growing conflict between the inner court and the outer court.\"\n\nFrom https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.113#abstract","fileFormats":["csv","tsv"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Yunxin","lastName":"Li","affiliation":"Simmons University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","orcidId":"0009-0006-4833-4247"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC0-1.0","name":"Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.json"},"tags":["kinship","social_network"],"collectionTags":["han-dynasty"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"53","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"This project was completed under the support of Stanford University’s Center for Spatial and Textual Analysis and Simmons University’s Faculty Fund for Research.","dataPublisher":"Harvard Dataverse","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Elites’ Social Networks and Politics in the Han Empire (202 B.C.E.–220 C.E.). Journal of Open Humanities Data, 9: 12, 2023, pp. 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.113doi: https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.113","url":"https://openhumanitiesdata.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/johd.113#abstract"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":-202,"yearTo":220,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"China","capital":"Beijing","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":105,"lat":35},"iso2":"CN","countryId":"CN"}],"networkTopics":["friendship","kinship","marriage","patron-client","teacher-disciple"],"nodeTopics":["individual","person"],"edgeTopics":["social-connection"],"nodeAttributes":["gender","hometown","name","time-period"],"edgeAttributes":["relationships"],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"no","uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"directed and undirected","weighted":"no","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"no","longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":"yes","hypergraph":null,"signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":1187,"numberOfEdges":1441,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"“Records of marriages in Shi ji, Han shu, and Hou Han shu are focused on the upper elite, especially members of the imperial lineage and consort families. As a result, the imperial lineage has the highest number of connections with other families and plays a central role in the structure of this marriage network.”\n\n“My analysis of the teacher-disciple networks during the Han is based on a close reading of ‘The Biographies of Ru Scholars’ in Shi ji, Han shu, Hou Han shu; the early Tang scholar Lu Deming’s Jing dian shi wen… and the ‘Treatise of Literature’ in Sui shu… I identified 325 scholars and 329 pairs of teacher–disciple relationships from these sources.”\n\n“Because the Western Han scholarly lineages are more completely recorded in the sources and Western Han scholars mostly specialized in only one classic, the schools of the Western Han are much better represented in the graph than those of the Eastern Han. This does not mean these classics were less studied in the Eastern Han… the names of most Eastern Han scholars are not recorded in the sources and thus not visualized in the graph.”\n\n“Whether Han sources refer to the relationship between two individuals as ‘was friends with,’ ‘was on good terms with,’ ‘wandered with,’ or ‘colluded with,’ it can be interpreted as friendship… I do not intend to probe into the essence of these relationships. Instead, the connection… only indicates that these two individuals were considered as in a close relationship by contemporary observers and that this relationship is distinguishable from other types of relationships in this study.”\n\n“It is difficult and unnecessary to visualize the patronage network between the patrons and their ke, given that the number of clients that a patron had is unclear, not to mention that most of the clients’ names are not recorded in historical texts.”","sources":[{"description":"Chen, Suzhen 陳蘇鎮. ―Lun dong han wai qi zheng zhi‖ 論東漢外戚政治 (2013). In Chen \nSuzhen, Liang han wei jin nan bei chao shi tan you 兩漢魏晉南北朝史探幽 (pp.73-110). \nBeijing: Beijing da xue chu ban she, 2013.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"liu, Z. 劉增貴. (1980). Han dai hun yin zhi du 漢代婚姻制度. Taipei: hua shi chu ban she.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Ban, Gu 班固. Han shu 漢書 (punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) \n(1962). Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 54-80 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Cai, Liang. (2014). Witchcraft and the Rise of the First Confucian Empire. State University of \nNew York Press.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Cai, Liang. (2019). ―Ru Scholars, Social Networks, and Bureaucracy: Donghai 東海 Men and \nModels for Success in Western Han China (206 b.c.e.-9 c.e.).‖ Early China, 237-271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/eac.2019.8","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Wei, Zheng 魏徵, et al. (Punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) \n(1973). Sui shu 隋書. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 656 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Fan, Ye 范曄. Hou han shu 後漢書 (punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial \nteam.) (1965). Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published ca. 424-445 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Lewis, Mark Edward (2021). Honor and Shame in Early China. Cambridge University Press. \nLiu, Zenggui 劉增貴. (1980). Han dai hun yin zhi du 漢代婚姻制度. Taipei: hua shi chu ban \nshe.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Masubuchi, Tatsuo 増淵龍夫. (1960.) Chūgoku kodai no shakai to kokka: Shin Kan teikoku \nseiritsu katei no shakaishiteki kenkyū 中国古代の社会と国家: 秦漢帝国成立過程の社\n会史的研究. Tōkyō: Kōbundō.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Sima, Qian 司馬遷 (Punctuated and collated by the Zhong hua shu ju editorial team.) (1982). Shi \nji 史記. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju, 1982. (Original work published ca. 91 B.C.E.)","sourceTypes":["ancient_archive","publication"]},{"description":"Wang, Xianshen 王先慎. (Punctuated and collated by Zhong, Zhe 鍾哲.) (1998). Han Fei zi ji jie \n韓非子集解. Beijing: Zhong hua shu ju. (Original work published 1896 C.E.)","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1765455718117,"lastEdited":1768471258095}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/54","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":54,"name":"Network of wooden usage in relation to the wood provenance","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://journal.caa-international.org/articles/10.5334/jcaa.79#additional-file","canonicalCitation":"Visser, R.M. (2021) ‘Dendrochronological Provenance Patterns. Network Analysis of Tree-Ring Material Reveals Spatial and Economic Relations of Roman Timber in the Continental North-Western Provinces’, Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology, 4(1), p. 230–253.","description":"\"Over the last decades, Roman wood in various shapes and sizes has been excavated in the region of the continental north-western provinces of the Roman empire. However, it is often unclear whether wood has been transported. Most dendrochronological provenance studies rely on simple comparisons between tree-ring series based on a single similarity measure. In addition, most fail to consider the complex system of relations that is the result of the variables that influence tree-ring patterns. Network analysis is a solution to this problem, because it allows to both visualize and analyze the complex (provenance) relations of tree-ring series as a whole. A network makes it impossible to ignore existing (statistical) relations between tree-ring series. Although networks can be build using any (combination of) similarity measure(s), in this study a combination of the Synchronous Growth Changes (SGC), its related probability of exceedance (p), correlation (r) and overlap define the edges. This paper focusses on networks with site chronologies as nodes, although networks can also be constructed using individual tree-ring series or a combination with site chronologies. A combination of these can also help to refine the (archaeological) interpretation. The location of any tree-ring series in a network reflects its provenance. Material that is placed closer together in the network has similar growth patterns and is generally from the same region. Therefore, network communities reflect wood that has a similar provenance. If tree-ring material was found on different spatial locations, but in close proximity in the network, this indicates that wood has been moved. To determine which wood has been transported, a combination of archaeological and spatial arguments is used. The method is sound, simple and gives insight in the complexity of all tree-ring relations in a simple diagram. The resulting patterns show that most wood was obtained in the region where it was used, but that transport of wood in the Roman period did take place. Three scales are defined to describe the Roman wood economy: local, provincial and imperial. While transport of wood over long distances is attested for both military and civilian sites (provincial and imperial scale), it seems that wood that was transported beyond the provincial borders was only used in civilian sites (imperial scale). The combination of network science, dendrochronology and archaeology is a powerful method to understand patterns in the Roman timber economy.\"\n\nFrom https://journal.caa-international.org/articles/10.5334/jcaa.79#additional-file","fileFormats":["csv"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Ronald","lastName":"Visser","affiliation":"Saxion University of Applied Sciences: Deventer, NL","orcidId":"0000-0001-6966-1729"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["dendrochronology","provenance","roman","timber"],"collectionTags":["roman-wood"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"54","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"Saxion Research Services, grant to publish this paper in Open Access.","dataPublisher":null,"relatedPublications":[],"topic":{"yearFrom":-55,"yearTo":410,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Belgium","capital":"Brussels","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":4,"lat":50.83333333},"iso2":"BE","countryId":"BE"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"France","capital":"Paris","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":2,"lat":46},"iso2":"FR","countryId":"FR"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Germany","capital":"Berlin","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":9,"lat":51},"iso2":"DE","countryId":"DE"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Netherlands","capital":"Amsterdam","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":5.75,"lat":52.5},"iso2":"NL","countryId":"NL"}],"networkTopics":["community","provenance","timber"],"nodeTopics":["site-chronology","timber-samples"],"edgeTopics":["community","connection"],"nodeAttributes":["latitude","longitude"],"edgeAttributes":["length"],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"directed","weighted":"yes","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"yes","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"no","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":null,"numberOfEdges":null,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"\"Networks were created with dendrochronological material as nodes and the edges defined by a combination of noverlap, r, SGC and p of the pair-wise comparison of the dendrochronological material. These were stored in the database and selected for network creation. Since all relations are reciprocal the network is undirected, and duplicate edges have been removed. The networks were created using various levels of testing (as defined by Daly 2007b), resulting in nodes as: Site chronologies, Site chronologies and trees, Trees\"\n\n\"In this paper I will focus on the network of the first level of testing, with each node representing a single site chronology. The edges are based on the comparison of both the C and M chronologies. The other levels are often needed for the (archaeological) interpretation of the network. Initially the edges were selected from the database using r ≥ 0,5, SGC ≥ 70% with p ≤ 0,0001 and noverlap ≥ 50 for each pair-wise comparison. Previous research has shown that wood from the same region often show similarities well above these values (Visser 2006; Vorst 2005). To test these values the combination of thresholds for creating edges was varied, leading to four network-types:\n\nr ≥ 0,5, SGC ≥ 70% with p ≤ 0,0001 and noverlap ≥ 50;\nr ≥ 0,5, SGC ≥ 70% and noverlap ≥ 50;\nr ≥ 0,5, any SGC with p ≤ 0,0001 and noverlap ≥ 50;\nA merged network of 2 and 3.\nThe resulting networks are described using standard variables, such as the number of nodes (N), the number of edges (E), the number of components and the diameter of the network (δ). The average degree (K) describes the degree to which the nodes in the network are connected\"","sources":[{"description":"https://dataverse.nl/dataverse/dccd","sourceTypes":["online_platform"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1765456467159,"lastEdited":1768471279005}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/55","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":55,"name":"Provenance groups projected on the different GN-communities, network type 4","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://journal.caa-international.org/articles/10.5334/jcaa.79#additional-file","canonicalCitation":"Visser, R.M. (2021) ‘Dendrochronological Provenance Patterns. Network Analysis of Tree-Ring Material Reveals Spatial and Economic Relations of Roman Timber in the Continental North-Western Provinces’, Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology, 4(1), p. 230–253.","description":"\"Over the last decades, Roman wood in various shapes and sizes has been excavated in the region of the continental north-western provinces of the Roman empire. However, it is often unclear whether wood has been transported. Most dendrochronological provenance studies rely on simple comparisons between tree-ring series based on a single similarity measure. In addition, most fail to consider the complex system of relations that is the result of the variables that influence tree-ring patterns. Network analysis is a solution to this problem, because it allows to both visualize and analyze the complex (provenance) relations of tree-ring series as a whole. A network makes it impossible to ignore existing (statistical) relations between tree-ring series. Although networks can be build using any (combination of) similarity measure(s), in this study a combination of the Synchronous Growth Changes (SGC), its related probability of exceedance (p), correlation (r) and overlap define the edges. This paper focusses on networks with site chronologies as nodes, although networks can also be constructed using individual tree-ring series or a combination with site chronologies. A combination of these can also help to refine the (archaeological) interpretation. The location of any tree-ring series in a network reflects its provenance. Material that is placed closer together in the network has similar growth patterns and is generally from the same region. Therefore, network communities reflect wood that has a similar provenance. If tree-ring material was found on different spatial locations, but in close proximity in the network, this indicates that wood has been moved. To determine which wood has been transported, a combination of archaeological and spatial arguments is used. The method is sound, simple and gives insight in the complexity of all tree-ring relations in a simple diagram. The resulting patterns show that most wood was obtained in the region where it was used, but that transport of wood in the Roman period did take place. Three scales are defined to describe the Roman wood economy: local, provincial and imperial. While transport of wood over long distances is attested for both military and civilian sites (provincial and imperial scale), it seems that wood that was transported beyond the provincial borders was only used in civilian sites (imperial scale). The combination of network science, dendrochronology and archaeology is a powerful method to understand patterns in the Roman timber economy.\"\n\nFrom https://journal.caa-international.org/articles/10.5334/jcaa.79#additional-file","fileFormats":["csv"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Ronald","lastName":"Visser","affiliation":"Saxion University of Applied Sciences: Deventer, NL","orcidId":"0000-0001-6966-1729"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["dendrochronology","provenance","roman","timber"],"collectionTags":["roman-wood"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"55","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"Saxion Research Services, grant to publish this paper in Open Access.","dataPublisher":null,"relatedPublications":[],"topic":{"yearFrom":-55,"yearTo":410,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Belgium","capital":"Brussels","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":4,"lat":50.83333333},"iso2":"BE","countryId":"BE"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"France","capital":"Paris","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":2,"lat":46},"iso2":"FR","countryId":"FR"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Germany","capital":"Berlin","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":9,"lat":51},"iso2":"DE","countryId":"DE"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Netherlands","capital":"Amsterdam","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":5.75,"lat":52.5},"iso2":"NL","countryId":"NL"}],"networkTopics":["community","provenance","timber"],"nodeTopics":["site-chronology","timber-samples"],"edgeTopics":["community","connection"],"nodeAttributes":["latitude","longitude"],"edgeAttributes":["length"],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"directed","weighted":"yes","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"yes","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"no","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":null,"numberOfEdges":null,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"\"Networks were created with dendrochronological material as nodes and the edges defined by a combination of noverlap, r, SGC and p of the pair-wise comparison of the dendrochronological material. These were stored in the database and selected for network creation. Since all relations are reciprocal the network is undirected, and duplicate edges have been removed. The networks were created using various levels of testing (as defined by Daly 2007b), resulting in nodes as: Site chronologies, Site chronologies and trees, Trees\"\n\n\"In this paper I will focus on the network of the first level of testing, with each node representing a single site chronology. The edges are based on the comparison of both the C and M chronologies. The other levels are often needed for the (archaeological) interpretation of the network. Initially the edges were selected from the database using r ≥ 0,5, SGC ≥ 70% with p ≤ 0,0001 and noverlap ≥ 50 for each pair-wise comparison. Previous research has shown that wood from the same region often show similarities well above these values (Visser 2006; Vorst 2005). To test these values the combination of thresholds for creating edges was varied, leading to four network-types:\n\nr ≥ 0,5, SGC ≥ 70% with p ≤ 0,0001 and noverlap ≥ 50;\nr ≥ 0,5, SGC ≥ 70% and noverlap ≥ 50;\nr ≥ 0,5, any SGC with p ≤ 0,0001 and noverlap ≥ 50;\nA merged network of 2 and 3.\nThe resulting networks are described using standard variables, such as the number of nodes (N), the number of edges (E), the number of components and the diameter of the network (δ). The average degree (K) describes the degree to which the nodes in the network are connected\"","sources":[{"description":"https://dataverse.nl/dataverse/dccd","sourceTypes":["online_platform"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1765456767845,"lastEdited":1768471290723}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/56","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":56,"name":"Wood spatial distribution and provenance.","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://journal.caa-international.org/articles/10.5334/jcaa.79#additional-file","canonicalCitation":"Visser, R.M. (2021) ‘Dendrochronological Provenance Patterns. Network Analysis of Tree-Ring Material Reveals Spatial and Economic Relations of Roman Timber in the Continental North-Western Provinces’, Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology, 4(1), p. 230–253.","description":"\"Over the last decades, Roman wood in various shapes and sizes has been excavated in the region of the continental north-western provinces of the Roman empire. However, it is often unclear whether wood has been transported. Most dendrochronological provenance studies rely on simple comparisons between tree-ring series based on a single similarity measure. In addition, most fail to consider the complex system of relations that is the result of the variables that influence tree-ring patterns. Network analysis is a solution to this problem, because it allows to both visualize and analyze the complex (provenance) relations of tree-ring series as a whole. A network makes it impossible to ignore existing (statistical) relations between tree-ring series. Although networks can be build using any (combination of) similarity measure(s), in this study a combination of the Synchronous Growth Changes (SGC), its related probability of exceedance (p), correlation (r) and overlap define the edges. This paper focusses on networks with site chronologies as nodes, although networks can also be constructed using individual tree-ring series or a combination with site chronologies. A combination of these can also help to refine the (archaeological) interpretation. The location of any tree-ring series in a network reflects its provenance. Material that is placed closer together in the network has similar growth patterns and is generally from the same region. Therefore, network communities reflect wood that has a similar provenance. If tree-ring material was found on different spatial locations, but in close proximity in the network, this indicates that wood has been moved. To determine which wood has been transported, a combination of archaeological and spatial arguments is used. The method is sound, simple and gives insight in the complexity of all tree-ring relations in a simple diagram. The resulting patterns show that most wood was obtained in the region where it was used, but that transport of wood in the Roman period did take place. Three scales are defined to describe the Roman wood economy: local, provincial and imperial. While transport of wood over long distances is attested for both military and civilian sites (provincial and imperial scale), it seems that wood that was transported beyond the provincial borders was only used in civilian sites (imperial scale). The combination of network science, dendrochronology and archaeology is a powerful method to understand patterns in the Roman timber economy.\"\n\nFrom https://journal.caa-international.org/articles/10.5334/jcaa.79#additional-file","fileFormats":["csv"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Ronald","lastName":"Visser","affiliation":"Saxion University of Applied Sciences: Deventer, NL","orcidId":"0000-0001-6966-1729"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["dendrochronology","provenance","roman","timber"],"collectionTags":["roman-wood"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"56","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"Saxion Research Services, grant to publish this paper in Open Access.","dataPublisher":null,"relatedPublications":[],"topic":{"yearFrom":-55,"yearTo":410,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Belgium","capital":"Brussels","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":4,"lat":50.83333333},"iso2":"BE","countryId":"BE"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"France","capital":"Paris","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":2,"lat":46},"iso2":"FR","countryId":"FR"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Germany","capital":"Berlin","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":9,"lat":51},"iso2":"DE","countryId":"DE"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Netherlands","capital":"Amsterdam","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":5.75,"lat":52.5},"iso2":"NL","countryId":"NL"}],"networkTopics":["community","provenance","timber"],"nodeTopics":["site-chronology","timber-samples"],"edgeTopics":["community","connection"],"nodeAttributes":["latitude","longitude"],"edgeAttributes":["length"],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"directed","weighted":"yes","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"yes","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"no","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":null,"numberOfEdges":null,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"\"Networks were created with dendrochronological material as nodes and the edges defined by a combination of noverlap, r, SGC and p of the pair-wise comparison of the dendrochronological material. These were stored in the database and selected for network creation. Since all relations are reciprocal the network is undirected, and duplicate edges have been removed. The networks were created using various levels of testing (as defined by Daly 2007b), resulting in nodes as: Site chronologies, Site chronologies and trees, Trees\"\n\n\"In this paper I will focus on the network of the first level of testing, with each node representing a single site chronology. The edges are based on the comparison of both the C and M chronologies. The other levels are often needed for the (archaeological) interpretation of the network. Initially the edges were selected from the database using r ≥ 0,5, SGC ≥ 70% with p ≤ 0,0001 and noverlap ≥ 50 for each pair-wise comparison. Previous research has shown that wood from the same region often show similarities well above these values (Visser 2006; Vorst 2005). To test these values the combination of thresholds for creating edges was varied, leading to four network-types:\n\nr ≥ 0,5, SGC ≥ 70% with p ≤ 0,0001 and noverlap ≥ 50;\nr ≥ 0,5, SGC ≥ 70% and noverlap ≥ 50;\nr ≥ 0,5, any SGC with p ≤ 0,0001 and noverlap ≥ 50;\nA merged network of 2 and 3.\nThe resulting networks are described using standard variables, such as the number of nodes (N), the number of edges (E), the number of components and the diameter of the network (δ). The average degree (K) describes the degree to which the nodes in the network are connected\"","sources":[{"description":"https://dataverse.nl/dataverse/dccd","sourceTypes":["online_platform"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1765456974913,"lastEdited":1768471302025}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/57","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":57,"name":"Network graphs of the four windows where Cocina cave is present","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618223001453#appsec1","canonicalCitation":"Molina-Balaguer, L., Escribá-Ruiz, P., Jiménez-Puerto, J., & Bernabeu-Aubán, J. (2023). Sequence and context for the Cocina cave neolithic pottery: An approach from social networks analysis. Quaternary International, 677–678, 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2023.05.006","description":"\"Cocina cave has been considered one of the main sites when explaining the transition from Mesolithic to Neolithic in the Iberian Mediterranean façade. But the current review of its stratigraphy has evidenced important post-depositional disturbances affecting those layers where Neolithic pottery is present. These taphonomic problems question the usefulness of this record in any detailed approach to a potential process of acculturation of the local Mesolithic groups.\nDespite this negative preservation, and using decorative traits as a proxy, we have isolated two ceramic contexts with inner coherence. Over these contexts, we have developed a Bayesian approach to compare them with other well-dated regional contexts. To contextualise the obtained sequence, we decided to extend the analysis to a wide set of Neolithic known contexts from an area that covers most of the coastal Iberian Mediterranean region, from the Ebro basin in the North to the Segura basin in the South. These contexts have been organised in chronological windows, and a Social Networks Analysis (SNA) has been applied. Results confirm the insertion of Cocina in the regional Neolithic dynamics. After the first stage, with an important degree of cultural homogeneity, the analysis also outlines the existence of a cultural frontier among Neolithic groups North and South of the Xúquer basin, at least from the mid-seventh millennium cal BP.\"\n\nFrom https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618223001453#appsec1","fileFormats":["other","xlsx"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Lluís","lastName":"Molina-Balaguer","affiliation":"University of Valencia: Valencia, Spain, ES","orcidId":"0000-0003-1392-2023"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Pilar","lastName":"Escribá","affiliation":"University of Valencia: Valencia, Spain, ES","orcidId":"0000-0003-3333-4130"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Joaquín","lastName":"Jiménez-Puerto","affiliation":"Universitat de València: Valencia, ES","orcidId":"0000-0001-9760-9602"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Joan","lastName":"Bernabeu-Aubán","affiliation":"Universitat de València: Valencia, ES","orcidId":"0000-0002-5742-8708"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-ND-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution No Derivatives 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-ND-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-ND-4.0.json"},"tags":["neolithic","pottery","spain"],"collectionTags":[],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"57","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"Funding was provided by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport of the Valencian Government through the NeoNetS project (Prometeo/2021/007). Additional support came from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation via the projects CHRONOEVOL (PGC2018-096943-B-C21) and EVOLMED (PID2021-127731NB-C21), co-funded by MCIN/AEI and ERDF “A way of making Europe.”","dataPublisher":null,"relatedPublications":[],"topic":{"yearFrom":-6660,"yearTo":-5330,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Spain","capital":"Madrid","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-4,"lat":40},"iso2":"ES","countryId":"ES"}],"networkTopics":["social"],"nodeTopics":["pottery","site"],"edgeTopics":["betweenness"],"nodeAttributes":["context","decorative-technique","latitude","longitude","name"],"edgeAttributes":[],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":null,"selfLoops":null,"spatial":"yes","longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":null,"hypergraph":null,"signed":null,"probabilistic":null},"size":{"numberOfNodes":131,"numberOfEdges":null,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"\"In the first stage, we collect information from all the pieces of sherd. This information involves data from different aspects: morphology, decorative techniques, fastening systems, preservation, and origin from any piece of sherd. All this data is added to a file included in the Pottery Data Base of the site.\"\n\"Both files (Sherds and Vessels) are connected, so information from one level can be used to work with the other. This allows us to have a very flexible and fluent working system. This is especially important when evaluating post-depositional movements and shifting of the sherds identified as part of the same vessel.\"\n\"The SNA makes it possible to observe the diachronic evolution of social interactions between the communities that are part of the chosen framework. For these analyses to be relevant, only those items with traits that present an evident variation in time and/or space will be useful. For these analyses to be relevant, only those traits that present an evident variation in time and a limited dispersion in space will be useful, because otherwise no difference would be detected. Those without distinctive features will mainly provide noise to the analysis. Thus, the selection criteria of material culture must be crafted following those of frequency, diversity, and representativeness, which would guarantee significant results (Jiménez-Puerto, 2022). An adequate selection of the chrono-geographic framework is also important. Due to the nature of the data employed (chronological and material), the analysis will focus on the role each site plays in the network, that is the micro-scale. For this work, the selected geographical scope includes the Ebro, Xúquer, and Segura hydrographic basins, while the chronological scope is defined by the interval 7600-6400 cal BP. The material culture analysed will correspond to ceramic collections of the period on which a series of relevant decorative features will be considered in the Bayesian analysis.\"","sources":[{"description":"Aguilella, G., 2003. Pastors prehistòrics a la Cova de Petrolí (Cabanes, Plana Alta, Castelló). Quaderns de prehistòria i arqueologia de Castelló 23, 107-132.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Aguilella, G., 2003. Pastors prehistòrics a la Cova de Petrolí (Cabanes, Plana Alta, Castelló). Quaderns de prehistòria i arqueologia de Castelló 23, 107-132.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Bernabeu, J., Orozco, T., Diez, A., Gómez, M., Molina, F.J., 2003. Mas d’Is (Penàguila, Alicante): aldeas y recintos monumentales del Neolítico Inicial en el valle del Serpis. TP 60, 39-59.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Bernabeu, J., Lozano, S., Pardo-Gordó, S., 2017. Iberian Neolithic Networks: The Rise and Fall of the Cardial World. Frontiers in Digital Humanities 4, 01–19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdigh.2017.00007","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Bernabeu, J., Molina, Ll. (Eds.), 2009. La Cova de les Cendres (Moraira-Teulada, Alicante). Serie Mayor-4. MARQ. Diputació d'Alacant.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Escribá, M. P. 2023. La geometría en las decoraciones cerámicas durante el Neolítico Antiguo: del VI-V milenio cal BC (VIII-VII cal BP) entre el Xúquer y el Ebre. Diputació de Castelló.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Flors, E. (Ed.), 2009. Torre la Sal (Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón), Servei d’Investigacions Arqueològiques i Prehistòriques. ed, Evolución del paisaje antrópico desde la prehistoria hasta el medioevo. Monografies de Prehistòria i Arqueologia Castellonenques.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"García Borja, P., Cortell Pérez, E., Pardo Gordó, S., Pérez Jordà, G., 2011. Las cerámicas de la Cova de l’Or (Beniarrés, Alacant). Tipología y decoración de las colecciones del Museu d’Alcoi. Recerques del Museu d’Alcoi 20, 71-138.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"García-Borja, P., Martins, H., Sanchís, A., Pardo-Gordó, S. (2012a). Dataciones radiocarbónicas en contextos del Neolítico antiguo de la Cova Fosca de la Vall d’Ebo (Alacant, España). Alberri: Quaderns d’investigacio del centre d’estudis contestants 22, 11-32.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"García-Borja, P., Salazar-García, D., Martins, H., Pérez-Jordà, G., Sanchis, A. (2012b). Dataciones radiocarbónicas de la Cova de la Sarsa (Bocairent, València). Recerques del Museu d’Alcoi 21, 19-24.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"García-Atiénzar, G., Barciela, V., Martínez, S., Jover, F.J., Molina, F.J., Tormo, C., Pastor, M., Pino, M. del, Miguel, M.P. de, López, E., 2020. El asentamiento neolítico de Limoneros (Elche, Alicante). Complutum 31(1), 25-48.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Laborda, R., 2018. El neolítico antiguo en el valle medio del Ebro. Cerámica decorada y dataciones radiocarbónicas entre 5600-4800 cal BC. Universidad de Zaragoza.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Lira, J., Linderholm, A., Olaria, C., Brandström Durling, M., Gilbert, M.T., Ellegren, H., Willerslev, E., Lidén, K., Arsuaga, J.L., Götherström, A., 2010. Ancient DNA reveals traces of Iberian Neolithic and Bronze Age lineages in modern Iberian horses. Molecular Ecology 19, 64-78.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Llorente, L., Nores, C., López-Sáez, J.A., Morales, A., 2016. Hidden signatures of the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition in Iberia: the pine marten (Martes martes Linnaeus, 1758) and beech marten (Martes foina Erxleben, 1777) from Cova Fosca (Spain). Quaternary International 403, 174-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.046","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Ludwig, A., Pruvost, M., Reissmann, M., Benecke, N., Brockmann, G., Castaños, P., Cieslak, M., Lippold, S., Llorente, L., Malaspinas, A., 2009. Coat color variation at the beginning of horse domestication. Science 324, 485-485.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Martí, B., 2011. La Cova de l’Or (Beniarrés, Alicante). in Bernabeu, J., Rojo, M.A., Molina, Ll. (coords.), Las primeras producciones cerámicas: El VI milenio cal AC en la península Ibérica. Saguntun-PLAV Extra-12, Universitat de València, pp. 183-186.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Mazo, C., Montes, L., 1992. La transición Epipaleolítico-Neolítico antiguo en el abrigo de “El Pontet” (Maella, Zaragoza), in Aragón-Litoral Mediterráneo. Intercambios Culturales Durante La Prehistoria. Institución Fernando el Católico, pp. 243-254.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Oms, F.X., 2014. La neolitització del Nord-Est de la Península Ibèrica a partir de les datacions de 14C i les primeres ceràmiques impreses c. 5600-4900 cal BC. Universitat de Barcelona.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Rojo, M., Tejedor, C., Jiménez, I., Peña, L., Royo, J.I., García-Martínez de Lagrán, I., Arcusa, H., San Millán, M., Gibaja, J., Mazzuco, N., 2015. Releyendo el fenómeno de la neolitización en el Bajo Aragón a la luz de la excavación del Cingle de Valmayor XI (Mequinenza, Zaragoza). Zephyrus LXXV. http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/zephyrus2015754171","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Rosser, P., Soler, S., 2016. Propuesta de fases cronológicas para el asentamiento neolítico del Tossal de les Basses (Alicante, España). in Del Neolític a l’Edat de Bronze en el Meditarrani occidental: estudis en homenatge a Bernat Martí Oliver. Serie Trabajos Varios S.I.P. 119, pp. 225-248.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Salazar-García, D.C., 2012. Isótopos, dieta y movilidad en el País Valenciano: aplicación a restos humanos del Paleolítico medio al Neolítico final. Universitat de València.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Zilhão, J., 2001. Radiocarbon evidence for maritime pioneer colonization at the origins of farming in west Mediterranean Europe. PNAS 98, 14180-14185.","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1765540318430,"lastEdited":1768471320107}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/58","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":58,"name":"Network of Hilt and Blade Clusters","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/opar-2018-0008/html?srsltid=AfmBOopgejRB7UyrVCwX93VWJ1jmyG_Lu67SyItLNlHukIhXCc1bRYl5#supplementaryMaterials","canonicalCitation":"Golubiewski-Davis, K. (2018). From 3D Scans to Networks: Using Swords to Understand Communities of Central European Bronze Age Smiths. Open Archaeology, 4(1), 123-144. https://doi.org/10.1515/opar-2018-0008","description":"\"This case study uses 3D scans of Central European Bronze Age swords (~1400–800BC) to recreate\ncommunity networks of knowledge. 3D scans of 111 bronze swords were analyzed, from which measurements\nincluding blade profile, hilt profile, and decorative shape data were collected. The data were analyzed using\na variety of statistical methods. Cluster analysis was used to create links between the nodes of networks\nthat were modelled. A community detection algorithm was run on the networks to examine potential\ncommunities of bronze smiths based on theorized manufacturing decisions. These analyses suggest there\nwere four distinct areas within which craft workers were sharing knowledge.\"\n\nFrom https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/opar-2018-0008/html?srsltid=AfmBOopgejRB7UyrVCwX93VWJ1jmyG_Lu67SyItLNlHukIhXCc1bRYl5#supplementaryMaterials","fileFormats":["other","txt"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Kristina","lastName":"Golubiewski-Davis","affiliation":"University of California, CA, USA","orcidId":"0000-0002-5227-966X"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-ND-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution No Derivatives 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-ND-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-ND-4.0.json"},"tags":["3d-scan","bronze-age","bronze-swords"],"collectionTags":["bronze-age"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"58","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"The work presented here was funded by the following organizations: the University of Minnesota\nAnthropology Department; the University of Minnesota Center for Austrian Studies; the Hella Mears\nfellowship from University of Minnesota Center for German and European Studies; and the Wenner-Gren\nFoundation.","dataPublisher":null,"relatedPublications":[],"topic":{"yearFrom":-1400,"yearTo":-800,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Austria","capital":"Vienna","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":13.33333333,"lat":47.33333333},"iso2":"AT","countryId":"AT"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Croatia","capital":"Zagreb","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":15.5,"lat":45.16666666},"iso2":"HR","countryId":"HR"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Germany","capital":"Berlin","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":9,"lat":51},"iso2":"DE","countryId":"DE"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Hungary","capital":"Budapest","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":20,"lat":47},"iso2":"HU","countryId":"HU"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Serbia","capital":"Belgrade","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":21,"lat":44},"iso2":"RS","countryId":"RS"}],"networkTopics":["distribution","knowledge-network"],"nodeTopics":["site","sword-blade","sword-hilt","swords"],"edgeTopics":["cluster-groups"],"nodeAttributes":["latitude","longitude","style"],"edgeAttributes":[],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":null,"selfLoops":null,"spatial":null,"longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":null,"hypergraph":null,"signed":null,"probabilistic":null},"size":{"numberOfNodes":22,"numberOfEdges":null,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"\"Links of the network were established using similar clusters as an indication of a network link. Two types of\nnetworks were created; one network used individual swords as the nodes and shared clusters as the links,\nand the second network used the blade or hilt clusters as the node and the inverted minimum spanning\ntree (MST) value of the distance between the means of the clusters. For the clusters, the distance between\nthe group means were calculated using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) or MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis\nof Variance) values as appropriate. From these, the differences in means were analyzed using a tukey\nadjustment. This type of adjustment is used to help eliminate Type 1 error across unequal groups and is\nappropriate for unequal groups of unknown size (Dallal, 2012). A Type 1 error is a false rejection of the\nnull hypothesis. These numbers were used to create a minimum spanning tree. Since the MST interprets\nhigher numbers as objects that are weakly connected, and network analysis interprets higher numbers as\na stronger bond, those measurements had to be flipped. The matrices were inverted using the following\nformula: New variable = largest value + smallest value – original value. This formula results in a change\nwhere the largest number becomes the smallest number and each value in between inverts according to\nthat scale.\nA weight of 1 was assigned every time two swords shared a cluster. Thus, every sword included in the\ncluster containing all of blade profile 1 shares a link with a weight of 1. Likewise, every sword included\nin the first cluster of hilts would contain a separate weight of 1. Separate networks were created for each\ndecoration using clusters based on shape data for blade profiles, hilt profiles, concentric circles, dashes,\nparallel curves, and parallel straight lines; in this case, each link was given a weight of 1. Secondary matrices\nincluded a combination of the original matrices where a weight of 1 represented either a shared blade or\nhilt cluster and a weight of 2 represents both a shared hilt and shared blade cluster. Finally, combined matrices were created using blade and hilt data, all decorative data, and a combination of blade and hilt\nplus decorative data where the link weight ranged from 1–8 based on the number of clusters shared. These\ndata are available in the supplemental DRUM files (Golubiewski-Davis, 2016).\"","sources":[{"description":"Kemencezei, Tibor. 1991. Die Schwerter in Ungarn II. Vol. Praehistorische Bronzefunde IV Band 9. M nchen: C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Von Quillfeldt, Ingeborg 1995. Die Vollgriffschwerter in S ddeutschland. Vol. Praehistorische Bronzefunde IV Band 11. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Harding, Anthony. 1995. Die Schwerter im ehemaligen Jugoslawien. Vol. Praehistorische Bronzefunde IV Band 14. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Waestemann, H. 2004. Die Schwerter in Ostdeutschland. Vol. Praehistorische Bronzefunde IV Band 15. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Friedrich Laux. 2009. Die Schwerter in Niedersachsen. Vol. Praehistorische Bronzefunde IV Band 17. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1765544398542,"lastEdited":1768471364705}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/59","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":59,"name":"Force atlas projection of individual blades connected by shared decorative data clusters","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/opar-2018-0008/html?srsltid=AfmBOopgejRB7UyrVCwX93VWJ1jmyG_Lu67SyItLNlHukIhXCc1bRYl5#supplementaryMaterials","canonicalCitation":"Golubiewski-Davis, K. (2018). From 3D Scans to Networks: Using Swords to Understand Communities of Central European Bronze Age Smiths. Open Archaeology, 4(1), 123-144. https://doi.org/10.1515/opar-2018-0008","description":"\"This case study uses 3D scans of Central European Bronze Age swords (~1400–800BC) to recreate\ncommunity networks of knowledge. 3D scans of 111 bronze swords were analyzed, from which measurements\nincluding blade profile, hilt profile, and decorative shape data were collected. The data were analyzed using\na variety of statistical methods. Cluster analysis was used to create links between the nodes of networks\nthat were modelled. A community detection algorithm was run on the networks to examine potential\ncommunities of bronze smiths based on theorized manufacturing decisions. These analyses suggest there\nwere four distinct areas within which craft workers were sharing knowledge.\"\n\nFrom https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/opar-2018-0008/html?srsltid=AfmBOopgejRB7UyrVCwX93VWJ1jmyG_Lu67SyItLNlHukIhXCc1bRYl5#supplementaryMaterials","fileFormats":["other","txt"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Kristina","lastName":"Golubiewski-Davis","affiliation":"University of California, CA, USA","orcidId":"0000-0002-5227-966X"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-ND-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution No Derivatives 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-ND-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-ND-4.0.json"},"tags":["3d-scan","bronze-age","bronze-swords"],"collectionTags":["bronze-age"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"59","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"The work presented here was funded by the following organizations: the University of Minnesota\nAnthropology Department; the University of Minnesota Center for Austrian Studies; the Hella Mears\nfellowship from University of Minnesota Center for German and European Studies; and the Wenner-Gren\nFoundation.","dataPublisher":null,"relatedPublications":[],"topic":{"yearFrom":-1400,"yearTo":-800,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Austria","capital":"Vienna","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":13.33333333,"lat":47.33333333},"iso2":"AT","countryId":"AT"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Croatia","capital":"Zagreb","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":15.5,"lat":45.16666666},"iso2":"HR","countryId":"HR"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Germany","capital":"Berlin","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":9,"lat":51},"iso2":"DE","countryId":"DE"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Hungary","capital":"Budapest","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":20,"lat":47},"iso2":"HU","countryId":"HU"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Serbia","capital":"Belgrade","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":21,"lat":44},"iso2":"RS","countryId":"RS"}],"networkTopics":["distribution","knowledge-network"],"nodeTopics":["site","sword-blade","sword-hilt","swords"],"edgeTopics":["cluster-groups"],"nodeAttributes":["latitude","longitude","style"],"edgeAttributes":[],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":null,"selfLoops":null,"spatial":null,"longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":null,"hypergraph":null,"signed":null,"probabilistic":null},"size":{"numberOfNodes":null,"numberOfEdges":null,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"\"Links of the network were established using similar clusters as an indication of a network link. Two types of\nnetworks were created; one network used individual swords as the nodes and shared clusters as the links,\nand the second network used the blade or hilt clusters as the node and the inverted minimum spanning\ntree (MST) value of the distance between the means of the clusters. For the clusters, the distance between\nthe group means were calculated using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) or MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis\nof Variance) values as appropriate. From these, the differences in means were analyzed using a tukey\nadjustment. This type of adjustment is used to help eliminate Type 1 error across unequal groups and is\nappropriate for unequal groups of unknown size (Dallal, 2012). A Type 1 error is a false rejection of the\nnull hypothesis. These numbers were used to create a minimum spanning tree. Since the MST interprets\nhigher numbers as objects that are weakly connected, and network analysis interprets higher numbers as\na stronger bond, those measurements had to be flipped. The matrices were inverted using the following\nformula: New variable = largest value + smallest value – original value. This formula results in a change\nwhere the largest number becomes the smallest number and each value in between inverts according to\nthat scale.\nA weight of 1 was assigned every time two swords shared a cluster. Thus, every sword included in the\ncluster containing all of blade profile 1 shares a link with a weight of 1. Likewise, every sword included\nin the first cluster of hilts would contain a separate weight of 1. Separate networks were created for each\ndecoration using clusters based on shape data for blade profiles, hilt profiles, concentric circles, dashes,\nparallel curves, and parallel straight lines; in this case, each link was given a weight of 1. Secondary matrices\nincluded a combination of the original matrices where a weight of 1 represented either a shared blade or\nhilt cluster and a weight of 2 represents both a shared hilt and shared blade cluster. Finally, combined matrices were created using blade and hilt data, all decorative data, and a combination of blade and hilt\nplus decorative data where the link weight ranged from 1–8 based on the number of clusters shared. These\ndata are available in the supplemental DRUM files (Golubiewski-Davis, 2016).\"","sources":[{"description":"Kemencezei, Tibor. 1991. Die Schwerter in Ungarn II. Vol. Praehistorische Bronzefunde IV Band 9. M nchen: C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Von Quillfeldt, Ingeborg 1995. Die Vollgriffschwerter in S ddeutschland. Vol. Praehistorische Bronzefunde IV Band 11. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Harding, Anthony. 1995. Die Schwerter im ehemaligen Jugoslawien. Vol. Praehistorische Bronzefunde IV Band 14. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Waestemann, H. 2004. Die Schwerter in Ostdeutschland. Vol. Praehistorische Bronzefunde IV Band 15. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Friedrich Laux. 2009. Die Schwerter in Niedersachsen. Vol. Praehistorische Bronzefunde IV Band 17. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1765544528080,"lastEdited":1768471388372}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/60","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":60,"name":"Decorative similarity network of bronze age blades","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/opar-2018-0008/html?srsltid=AfmBOopgejRB7UyrVCwX93VWJ1jmyG_Lu67SyItLNlHukIhXCc1bRYl5#supplementaryMaterials","canonicalCitation":"Golubiewski-Davis, K. (2018). From 3D Scans to Networks: Using Swords to Understand Communities of Central European Bronze Age Smiths. Open Archaeology, 4(1), 123-144. https://doi.org/10.1515/opar-2018-0008","description":"\"This case study uses 3D scans of Central European Bronze Age swords (~1400–800BC) to recreate\ncommunity networks of knowledge. 3D scans of 111 bronze swords were analyzed, from which measurements\nincluding blade profile, hilt profile, and decorative shape data were collected. The data were analyzed using\na variety of statistical methods. Cluster analysis was used to create links between the nodes of networks\nthat were modelled. A community detection algorithm was run on the networks to examine potential\ncommunities of bronze smiths based on theorized manufacturing decisions. These analyses suggest there\nwere four distinct areas within which craft workers were sharing knowledge.\"\n\nFrom https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/opar-2018-0008/html?srsltid=AfmBOopgejRB7UyrVCwX93VWJ1jmyG_Lu67SyItLNlHukIhXCc1bRYl5#supplementaryMaterials","fileFormats":["other","txt"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Kristina","lastName":"Golubiewski-Davis","affiliation":"University of California, CA, USA","orcidId":"0000-0002-5227-966X"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-ND-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution No Derivatives 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-ND-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-ND-4.0.json"},"tags":["3d-scan","bronze-age","bronze-swords"],"collectionTags":["bronze-age"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"60","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"The work presented here was funded by the following organizations: the University of Minnesota\nAnthropology Department; the University of Minnesota Center for Austrian Studies; the Hella Mears\nfellowship from University of Minnesota Center for German and European Studies; and the Wenner-Gren\nFoundation.","dataPublisher":null,"relatedPublications":[],"topic":{"yearFrom":-1400,"yearTo":-800,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Austria","capital":"Vienna","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":13.33333333,"lat":47.33333333},"iso2":"AT","countryId":"AT"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Croatia","capital":"Zagreb","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":15.5,"lat":45.16666666},"iso2":"HR","countryId":"HR"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Germany","capital":"Berlin","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":9,"lat":51},"iso2":"DE","countryId":"DE"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Hungary","capital":"Budapest","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":20,"lat":47},"iso2":"HU","countryId":"HU"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Serbia","capital":"Belgrade","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":21,"lat":44},"iso2":"RS","countryId":"RS"}],"networkTopics":["distribution","knowledge-network"],"nodeTopics":["site","sword-blade","sword-hilt","swords"],"edgeTopics":["cluster-groups","similarity"],"nodeAttributes":["latitude","longitude","style"],"edgeAttributes":[],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":null,"selfLoops":null,"spatial":null,"longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":null,"hypergraph":null,"signed":null,"probabilistic":null},"size":{"numberOfNodes":null,"numberOfEdges":null,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"\"Links of the network were established using similar clusters as an indication of a network link. Two types of\nnetworks were created; one network used individual swords as the nodes and shared clusters as the links,\nand the second network used the blade or hilt clusters as the node and the inverted minimum spanning\ntree (MST) value of the distance between the means of the clusters. For the clusters, the distance between\nthe group means were calculated using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) or MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis\nof Variance) values as appropriate. From these, the differences in means were analyzed using a tukey\nadjustment. This type of adjustment is used to help eliminate Type 1 error across unequal groups and is\nappropriate for unequal groups of unknown size (Dallal, 2012). A Type 1 error is a false rejection of the\nnull hypothesis. These numbers were used to create a minimum spanning tree. Since the MST interprets\nhigher numbers as objects that are weakly connected, and network analysis interprets higher numbers as\na stronger bond, those measurements had to be flipped. The matrices were inverted using the following\nformula: New variable = largest value + smallest value – original value. This formula results in a change\nwhere the largest number becomes the smallest number and each value in between inverts according to\nthat scale.\nA weight of 1 was assigned every time two swords shared a cluster. Thus, every sword included in the\ncluster containing all of blade profile 1 shares a link with a weight of 1. Likewise, every sword included\nin the first cluster of hilts would contain a separate weight of 1. Separate networks were created for each\ndecoration using clusters based on shape data for blade profiles, hilt profiles, concentric circles, dashes,\nparallel curves, and parallel straight lines; in this case, each link was given a weight of 1. Secondary matrices\nincluded a combination of the original matrices where a weight of 1 represented either a shared blade or\nhilt cluster and a weight of 2 represents both a shared hilt and shared blade cluster. Finally, combined matrices were created using blade and hilt data, all decorative data, and a combination of blade and hilt\nplus decorative data where the link weight ranged from 1–8 based on the number of clusters shared. These\ndata are available in the supplemental DRUM files (Golubiewski-Davis, 2016).\"","sources":[{"description":"Kemencezei, Tibor. 1991. Die Schwerter in Ungarn II. Vol. Praehistorische Bronzefunde IV Band 9. M nchen: C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Von Quillfeldt, Ingeborg 1995. Die Vollgriffschwerter in S ddeutschland. Vol. Praehistorische Bronzefunde IV Band 11. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Harding, Anthony. 1995. Die Schwerter im ehemaligen Jugoslawien. Vol. Praehistorische Bronzefunde IV Band 14. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Waestemann, H. 2004. Die Schwerter in Ostdeutschland. Vol. Praehistorische Bronzefunde IV Band 15. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Friedrich Laux. 2009. Die Schwerter in Niedersachsen. Vol. Praehistorische Bronzefunde IV Band 17. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1765544643709,"lastEdited":1768471411228}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/62","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":62,"name":"Twelfth-century AD network of decorative practices in the middle Niger region (West Africa)","icon":"pottery","dataUrl":"https://github.com/AHWA-Lab-Frankfurt/pottery_decor_as_networks","canonicalCitation":"Nikolas Gestrich & Juan-Marco Puerta Schardt, (2024). Compendium of R code and data for Pottery decor as networks on the Middle Niger. Accessed 03 Aug 2024. Online at http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11441100","description":"\"This paper reports on an attempt to analyse decorative techniques on archaeological pottery from the Middle Niger region of West Africa as knowledge exchange networks. The twelfth-century AD state of this network is modelled and analysed and then compared to its ninth-century counterpart. The analysis shows how knowledge about pottery decoration was propagated within networks of different sizes and intensities, from local, well-connected networks to more loosely tied long-distance connections. The article shows how the perspective of network analysis differs from, and can fruitfully complement, previous treatments of ceramic décor distribution in the region. It adds a novel perspective to what the distribution of archaeological ceramics in this region reflects and contributes to the generation of hypotheses that can be further tested by fieldwork.\"\n\nFrom https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0067270X.2024.2380219?scroll=top&needAccess=true","fileFormats":["csv","other","txt"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Nikolas","lastName":"Gestrich","affiliation":"Frobenius-Institut: Frankfurt am Main, DE","orcidId":"0000-0001-6376-1972"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Juan-Marco","lastName":"Puerta Schardt","affiliation":"Goethe University Frankfurt: Frankfurt am Main, DE","orcidId":"0009-0002-5777-6144"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC0-1.0","name":"Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.json"},"tags":["connectivity","decoration","niger","pottery"],"collectionTags":["niger-pottery","pottery"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"62","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":null,"dataPublisher":"Github & Zenodo","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Gestrich, N., & Puerta Schardt, J. M. (2024). Pottery décor as networks on the Middle Niger, Mali. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 59(3), 396–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/0067270X.2024.2380219","url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0067270X.2024.2380219?scroll=top&needAccess=true"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":1025,"yearTo":1165,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Mali","capital":"Bamako","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-4,"lat":17},"iso2":"ML","countryId":"ML"}],"networkTopics":["cultural-transmission","distribution"],"nodeTopics":["assemblages","decoration","site"],"edgeTopics":["connection","multiplex"],"nodeAttributes":["latitude","longitude","name"],"edgeAttributes":[],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"no","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"yes","hypergraph":null,"signed":null,"probabilistic":null},"size":{"numberOfNodes":16,"numberOfEdges":null,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"\"Our theoretical approach to what the network represents informs the way in which the network model is constructed. So far, the most frequent form of making ties in archaeological ceramic data has been by calculating the statistical similarity between assemblages. Hart and Engelbrecht (Citation2012) use the Brainerd-Robinson similarity coefficient, as do, for instance, Mills et al. (Citation2015), while de Groot (Citation2019) uses the Jaccard and Kulczyinski-2 similarity measures. The similarity value is then used as the basis and weight for forming a tie between the two assemblage nodes. Because we did not only want to base our network on overall similarity but also wanted to be able to analyse the networks of individual décors more closely, we have constructed a multiplex network. This is a network in which edges can have different types and can thus be envisaged as having layers. A multiplex network is distinct from a multilayer network, in which connections can also exist between layers, and which has recently seen its first application to archaeological ceramics by Upton (2019). In our multiplex network, each decorative practice is represented as a distinct layer. The layers share the site assemblages as nodes, although not every node is necessarily represented on every layer. The ties are weighted by the product of the percentages of a given décor in two assemblages. This network construction is implemented in R (R Core Team Citation2022) using the tidygraph package (Pedersen Citation2022).\"","sources":[{"description":"Togola, T. 2008. Archaeological Investigations of Iron Age Sites in the Mema Region, Mali (West Africa). Oxford: Archaeopress.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"McIntosh, S.K. 2017. “The Akumbu mound complex (Méma Region, Mali): culture change, complexity and the Pulse Model.” In Winds of Change: Archaeological Contributions in Honour of Peter Breunig, edited by N. Rupp, C. Beck, G. Franke and K. P. Wendt, 193–204. Bonn: Habelt-Verlag.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Cissé, M., Takezawa, S. and Fané, Y. 2017. “Contribution à l’etablissement de la chronologie au Méma: les fouilles à Akoubu et Bérétouma.” In Sur les Traces des Grands Empires. Recherches Archéologiques au Mali, edited by S. Takezawa and M. Cissé, 25–71. Paris: L’Harmattan","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Guindo, N. 2011. “La reconstitution de l’histoire du peoplement de la plaine du Seno-Gondo, Pays Dogon, Mali.” PhD diss., Université de Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense.","sourceTypes":["publication","thesis"]},{"description":"Haskell, H., McIntosh, R.J. and McIntosh, S.K. 1988. “Archaeological reconnaissance in the region of Dia, Mali. Final report to the National Geographic Society.” Unpublished report, Washington DC.","sourceTypes":["survey"]},{"description":"Arazi, N. 2005. “Tracing history in Dia, in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali — archaeology, oral traditions and written sources.” PhD diss., University of London.","sourceTypes":["publication","thesis"]},{"description":"Bedaux, R., Polet, J., Sanogo, K. and Schmidt, A. 2005. Recherches Archéologiques à Dia dans le Delta Intérieur du Niger (Mali): Bilan des Saisons de Fouilles 1998-2003. Leiden: CNWS Publications.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"McIntosh, S.K. and McIntosh, R.J. 2023. “Revisiting site history and regional interaction at the Dia settlement mound complex, Mali.” Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 58: 620–653.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Nixon, S. 2017. Essouk-Tadmekka: An Early Islamic Trans-Saharan Market Town. Leiden: Brill.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Cissé, M. 2010. “Archaeological investigations of early trade and urbanism at Gao Saney (Mali).” PhD diss., Rice University.","sourceTypes":["publication","thesis"]},{"description":"McIntosh, S.K. and Guèye, N.S. 2010. “Braided cord roulette (simple and composite).” In African Pottery Roulettes Past and Present. Techniques, Identification and Distribution, edited by A. Haour, K. Manning, N. Arazi, O.P. Gosselain, N. S. Guèye, D. Keita, A. Livingstone Smith, K.C. MacDonald, A. Mayor, S.K. McIntosh and R. Vernet, 157–168. Oxford: Oxbow Books.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Keita, D. 2015. Peuplement Humain du Delta Intérieur du Niger: Le Peuplement de la Marge Orientale du Delta Intérieur du Niger au Premier Millénaire après Jésus Christ. Saarbrücken: Presses Académiques Francophones.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Gestrich, N. and Keita, D. 2017. “Report on a season of prospection and excavation near Ségu, Mali.” Nyame Akuma 88: 48–55.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Mayor, A. 2011b. Traditions Céramiques dans la Boucle du Niger: Ethnoarchéologie et Histoire du Peuplement au Temps des Empires Précoloniaux. Frankfurt-am-Main: Africa Magna Verlag.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Huysecom, E., Ozainne, S., Jeanbourquin, C., Mayor, A., Canetti, M., Loukou, S., Chaix, L., Eichhorn, B., Lespez, L., Le Drézen, Y. and Guindo, N. 2015. “Towards a better understanding of sub-Saharan settlement mounds before AD 1400: the tells of Sadia on the Seno Plain (Dogon Country, Mali).” Journal of African Archaeology 13: 7–38.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Bedaux, R and Lange, A.G. 1983. “Tellem, reconnaissance archéologique d’une culture de l’ouest africain au Moyen-Age: la poterie.” Journal des Africanistes 53: 5–59.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Bedaux, R., Constandse-Westermann, T.S., Hacquebord, L., Lange, A. and Van Der Waals, J.D. 1978. “Recherches archéologiques dans le Delta Intérieur du Niger.” Palaeohistoria 20: 91–220.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Gestrich, N. and MacDonald, K.C. 2018. “On the margins of Ghana and Kawkaw: four seasons of excavation at Tongo Maaré Diabal (AD 500–1150), Mali.” Journal of African Archaeology 16: 1–30.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Gestrich, N., Champion, L., Keita, D. and Coulibaly, N. 2021. “Evidence of an 11th century CE Cola nitida trade into the Middle Niger region.” African Archaeological Review 38: 403–418.","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1766058817917,"lastEdited":1768471430094}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/63","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":63,"name":"Partially overlapping networks of four decorative practices","icon":"pottery","dataUrl":"https://github.com/AHWA-Lab-Frankfurt/pottery_decor_as_networks","canonicalCitation":"Nikolas Gestrich & Juan-Marco Puerta Schardt, (2024). Compendium of R code and data for Pottery decor as networks on the Middle Niger. Accessed 03 Aug 2024. Online at http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11441100","description":"\"This paper reports on an attempt to analyse decorative techniques on archaeological pottery from the Middle Niger region of West Africa as knowledge exchange networks. The twelfth-century AD state of this network is modelled and analysed and then compared to its ninth-century counterpart. The analysis shows how knowledge about pottery decoration was propagated within networks of different sizes and intensities, from local, well-connected networks to more loosely tied long-distance connections. The article shows how the perspective of network analysis differs from, and can fruitfully complement, previous treatments of ceramic décor distribution in the region. It adds a novel perspective to what the distribution of archaeological ceramics in this region reflects and contributes to the generation of hypotheses that can be further tested by fieldwork.\"\n\nFrom https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0067270X.2024.2380219?scroll=top&needAccess=true","fileFormats":["csv","other","txt"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Nikolas","lastName":"Gestrich","affiliation":"Frobenius-Institut: Frankfurt am Main, DE","orcidId":"0000-0001-6376-1972"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Juan-Marco","lastName":"Puerta Schardt","affiliation":"Goethe University Frankfurt: Frankfurt am Main, DE","orcidId":"0009-0002-5777-6144"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC0-1.0","name":"Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.json"},"tags":["connectivity","decoration","niger","pottery"],"collectionTags":["niger-pottery","pottery"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"63","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":null,"dataPublisher":"Github & Zenodo","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Gestrich, N., & Puerta Schardt, J. M. (2024). Pottery décor as networks on the Middle Niger, Mali. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 59(3), 396–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/0067270X.2024.2380219","url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0067270X.2024.2380219?scroll=top&needAccess=true"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":1025,"yearTo":1165,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Mali","capital":"Bamako","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-4,"lat":17},"iso2":"ML","countryId":"ML"}],"networkTopics":["cultural-transmission","distribution"],"nodeTopics":["assemblages","decoration","site"],"edgeTopics":["connection","multiplex"],"nodeAttributes":["latitude","longitude","name"],"edgeAttributes":["styles"],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"no","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"yes","hypergraph":null,"signed":null,"probabilistic":null},"size":{"numberOfNodes":16,"numberOfEdges":null,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"\"Our theoretical approach to what the network represents informs the way in which the network model is constructed. So far, the most frequent form of making ties in archaeological ceramic data has been by calculating the statistical similarity between assemblages. Hart and Engelbrecht (Citation2012) use the Brainerd-Robinson similarity coefficient, as do, for instance, Mills et al. (Citation2015), while de Groot (Citation2019) uses the Jaccard and Kulczyinski-2 similarity measures. The similarity value is then used as the basis and weight for forming a tie between the two assemblage nodes. Because we did not only want to base our network on overall similarity but also wanted to be able to analyse the networks of individual décors more closely, we have constructed a multiplex network. This is a network in which edges can have different types and can thus be envisaged as having layers. A multiplex network is distinct from a multilayer network, in which connections can also exist between layers, and which has recently seen its first application to archaeological ceramics by Upton (2019). In our multiplex network, each decorative practice is represented as a distinct layer. The layers share the site assemblages as nodes, although not every node is necessarily represented on every layer. The ties are weighted by the product of the percentages of a given décor in two assemblages. This network construction is implemented in R (R Core Team Citation2022) using the tidygraph package (Pedersen Citation2022).\"","sources":[{"description":"Togola, T. 2008. Archaeological Investigations of Iron Age Sites in the Mema Region, Mali (West Africa). Oxford: Archaeopress.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"McIntosh, S.K. 2017. “The Akumbu mound complex (Méma Region, Mali): culture change, complexity and the Pulse Model.” In Winds of Change: Archaeological Contributions in Honour of Peter Breunig, edited by N. Rupp, C. Beck, G. Franke and K. P. Wendt, 193–204. Bonn: Habelt-Verlag.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Cissé, M., Takezawa, S. and Fané, Y. 2017. “Contribution à l’etablissement de la chronologie au Méma: les fouilles à Akoubu et Bérétouma.” In Sur les Traces des Grands Empires. Recherches Archéologiques au Mali, edited by S. Takezawa and M. Cissé, 25–71. Paris: L’Harmattan","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Guindo, N. 2011. “La reconstitution de l’histoire du peoplement de la plaine du Seno-Gondo, Pays Dogon, Mali.” PhD diss., Université de Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense.","sourceTypes":["publication","thesis"]},{"description":"Haskell, H., McIntosh, R.J. and McIntosh, S.K. 1988. “Archaeological reconnaissance in the region of Dia, Mali. Final report to the National Geographic Society.” Unpublished report, Washington DC.","sourceTypes":["survey"]},{"description":"Arazi, N. 2005. “Tracing history in Dia, in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali — archaeology, oral traditions and written sources.” PhD diss., University of London.","sourceTypes":["publication","thesis"]},{"description":"Bedaux, R., Polet, J., Sanogo, K. and Schmidt, A. 2005. Recherches Archéologiques à Dia dans le Delta Intérieur du Niger (Mali): Bilan des Saisons de Fouilles 1998-2003. Leiden: CNWS Publications.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"McIntosh, S.K. and McIntosh, R.J. 2023. “Revisiting site history and regional interaction at the Dia settlement mound complex, Mali.” Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 58: 620–653.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Nixon, S. 2017. Essouk-Tadmekka: An Early Islamic Trans-Saharan Market Town. Leiden: Brill.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Cissé, M. 2010. “Archaeological investigations of early trade and urbanism at Gao Saney (Mali).” PhD diss., Rice University.","sourceTypes":["publication","thesis"]},{"description":"McIntosh, S.K. and Guèye, N.S. 2010. “Braided cord roulette (simple and composite).” In African Pottery Roulettes Past and Present. Techniques, Identification and Distribution, edited by A. Haour, K. Manning, N. Arazi, O.P. Gosselain, N. S. Guèye, D. Keita, A. Livingstone Smith, K.C. MacDonald, A. Mayor, S.K. McIntosh and R. Vernet, 157–168. Oxford: Oxbow Books.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Keita, D. 2015. Peuplement Humain du Delta Intérieur du Niger: Le Peuplement de la Marge Orientale du Delta Intérieur du Niger au Premier Millénaire après Jésus Christ. Saarbrücken: Presses Académiques Francophones.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Gestrich, N. and Keita, D. 2017. “Report on a season of prospection and excavation near Ségu, Mali.” Nyame Akuma 88: 48–55.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Mayor, A. 2011b. Traditions Céramiques dans la Boucle du Niger: Ethnoarchéologie et Histoire du Peuplement au Temps des Empires Précoloniaux. Frankfurt-am-Main: Africa Magna Verlag.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Huysecom, E., Ozainne, S., Jeanbourquin, C., Mayor, A., Canetti, M., Loukou, S., Chaix, L., Eichhorn, B., Lespez, L., Le Drézen, Y. and Guindo, N. 2015. “Towards a better understanding of sub-Saharan settlement mounds before AD 1400: the tells of Sadia on the Seno Plain (Dogon Country, Mali).” Journal of African Archaeology 13: 7–38.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Bedaux, R and Lange, A.G. 1983. “Tellem, reconnaissance archéologique d’une culture de l’ouest africain au Moyen-Age: la poterie.” Journal des Africanistes 53: 5–59.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Bedaux, R., Constandse-Westermann, T.S., Hacquebord, L., Lange, A. and Van Der Waals, J.D. 1978. “Recherches archéologiques dans le Delta Intérieur du Niger.” Palaeohistoria 20: 91–220.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Gestrich, N. and MacDonald, K.C. 2018. “On the margins of Ghana and Kawkaw: four seasons of excavation at Tongo Maaré Diabal (AD 500–1150), Mali.” Journal of African Archaeology 16: 1–30.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Gestrich, N., Champion, L., Keita, D. and Coulibaly, N. 2021. “Evidence of an 11th century CE Cola nitida trade into the Middle Niger region.” African Archaeological Review 38: 403–418.","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1766059918166,"lastEdited":1768471443927}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/64","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":64,"name":"Network of edges (connections) that cross between the clusters. Membership of clusters is shown in the colour of the nodes.","icon":"pottery","dataUrl":"https://github.com/AHWA-Lab-Frankfurt/pottery_decor_as_networks","canonicalCitation":"Nikolas Gestrich & Juan-Marco Puerta Schardt, (2024). Compendium of R code and data for Pottery decor as networks on the Middle Niger. Accessed 03 Aug 2024. Online at http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11441100","description":"\"This paper reports on an attempt to analyse decorative techniques on archaeological pottery from the Middle Niger region of West Africa as knowledge exchange networks. The twelfth-century AD state of this network is modelled and analysed and then compared to its ninth-century counterpart. The analysis shows how knowledge about pottery decoration was propagated within networks of different sizes and intensities, from local, well-connected networks to more loosely tied long-distance connections. The article shows how the perspective of network analysis differs from, and can fruitfully complement, previous treatments of ceramic décor distribution in the region. It adds a novel perspective to what the distribution of archaeological ceramics in this region reflects and contributes to the generation of hypotheses that can be further tested by fieldwork.\"\n\nFrom https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0067270X.2024.2380219?scroll=top&needAccess=true","fileFormats":["csv","other","txt"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Nikolas","lastName":"Gestrich","affiliation":"Frobenius-Institut: Frankfurt am Main, DE","orcidId":"0000-0001-6376-1972"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Juan-Marco","lastName":"Puerta Schardt","affiliation":"Goethe University Frankfurt: Frankfurt am Main, DE","orcidId":"0009-0002-5777-6144"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC0-1.0","name":"Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC0-1.0.json"},"tags":["connectivity","decoration","niger","pottery"],"collectionTags":["niger-pottery","pottery"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"64","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":null,"dataPublisher":"Github & Zenodo","relatedPublications":[{"@type":"schema:CreativeWork","canonicalCitation":"Gestrich, N., & Puerta Schardt, J. M. (2024). Pottery décor as networks on the Middle Niger, Mali. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa, 59(3), 396–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/0067270X.2024.2380219","url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0067270X.2024.2380219?scroll=top&needAccess=true"}],"topic":{"yearFrom":1025,"yearTo":1165,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Mali","capital":"Bamako","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-4,"lat":17},"iso2":"ML","countryId":"ML"}],"networkTopics":["cultural-transmission","distribution"],"nodeTopics":["assemblages","centrality","decoration","site"],"edgeTopics":["connection","multiplex"],"nodeAttributes":["latitude","longitude","name"],"edgeAttributes":[],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"no","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"yes","hypergraph":null,"signed":null,"probabilistic":null},"size":{"numberOfNodes":16,"numberOfEdges":null,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"\"Our theoretical approach to what the network represents informs the way in which the network model is constructed. So far, the most frequent form of making ties in archaeological ceramic data has been by calculating the statistical similarity between assemblages. Hart and Engelbrecht (Citation2012) use the Brainerd-Robinson similarity coefficient, as do, for instance, Mills et al. (Citation2015), while de Groot (Citation2019) uses the Jaccard and Kulczyinski-2 similarity measures. The similarity value is then used as the basis and weight for forming a tie between the two assemblage nodes. Because we did not only want to base our network on overall similarity but also wanted to be able to analyse the networks of individual décors more closely, we have constructed a multiplex network. This is a network in which edges can have different types and can thus be envisaged as having layers. A multiplex network is distinct from a multilayer network, in which connections can also exist between layers, and which has recently seen its first application to archaeological ceramics by Upton (2019). In our multiplex network, each decorative practice is represented as a distinct layer. The layers share the site assemblages as nodes, although not every node is necessarily represented on every layer. The ties are weighted by the product of the percentages of a given décor in two assemblages. This network construction is implemented in R (R Core Team Citation2022) using the tidygraph package (Pedersen Citation2022).\"","sources":[{"description":"Togola, T. 2008. Archaeological Investigations of Iron Age Sites in the Mema Region, Mali (West Africa). Oxford: Archaeopress.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"McIntosh, S.K. 2017. “The Akumbu mound complex (Méma Region, Mali): culture change, complexity and the Pulse Model.” In Winds of Change: Archaeological Contributions in Honour of Peter Breunig, edited by N. Rupp, C. Beck, G. Franke and K. P. Wendt, 193–204. Bonn: Habelt-Verlag.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Cissé, M., Takezawa, S. and Fané, Y. 2017. “Contribution à l’etablissement de la chronologie au Méma: les fouilles à Akoubu et Bérétouma.” In Sur les Traces des Grands Empires. Recherches Archéologiques au Mali, edited by S. Takezawa and M. Cissé, 25–71. Paris: L’Harmattan","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Guindo, N. 2011. “La reconstitution de l’histoire du peoplement de la plaine du Seno-Gondo, Pays Dogon, Mali.” PhD diss., Université de Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense.","sourceTypes":["publication","thesis"]},{"description":"Haskell, H., McIntosh, R.J. and McIntosh, S.K. 1988. “Archaeological reconnaissance in the region of Dia, Mali. Final report to the National Geographic Society.” Unpublished report, Washington DC.","sourceTypes":["survey"]},{"description":"Arazi, N. 2005. “Tracing history in Dia, in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali — archaeology, oral traditions and written sources.” PhD diss., University of London.","sourceTypes":["publication","thesis"]},{"description":"Bedaux, R., Polet, J., Sanogo, K. and Schmidt, A. 2005. Recherches Archéologiques à Dia dans le Delta Intérieur du Niger (Mali): Bilan des Saisons de Fouilles 1998-2003. Leiden: CNWS Publications.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"McIntosh, S.K. and McIntosh, R.J. 2023. “Revisiting site history and regional interaction at the Dia settlement mound complex, Mali.” Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 58: 620–653.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Nixon, S. 2017. Essouk-Tadmekka: An Early Islamic Trans-Saharan Market Town. Leiden: Brill.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Cissé, M. 2010. “Archaeological investigations of early trade and urbanism at Gao Saney (Mali).” PhD diss., Rice University.","sourceTypes":["publication","thesis"]},{"description":"McIntosh, S.K. and Guèye, N.S. 2010. “Braided cord roulette (simple and composite).” In African Pottery Roulettes Past and Present. Techniques, Identification and Distribution, edited by A. Haour, K. Manning, N. Arazi, O.P. Gosselain, N. S. Guèye, D. Keita, A. Livingstone Smith, K.C. MacDonald, A. Mayor, S.K. McIntosh and R. Vernet, 157–168. Oxford: Oxbow Books.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Keita, D. 2015. Peuplement Humain du Delta Intérieur du Niger: Le Peuplement de la Marge Orientale du Delta Intérieur du Niger au Premier Millénaire après Jésus Christ. Saarbrücken: Presses Académiques Francophones.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Gestrich, N. and Keita, D. 2017. “Report on a season of prospection and excavation near Ségu, Mali.” Nyame Akuma 88: 48–55.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Mayor, A. 2011b. Traditions Céramiques dans la Boucle du Niger: Ethnoarchéologie et Histoire du Peuplement au Temps des Empires Précoloniaux. Frankfurt-am-Main: Africa Magna Verlag.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Huysecom, E., Ozainne, S., Jeanbourquin, C., Mayor, A., Canetti, M., Loukou, S., Chaix, L., Eichhorn, B., Lespez, L., Le Drézen, Y. and Guindo, N. 2015. “Towards a better understanding of sub-Saharan settlement mounds before AD 1400: the tells of Sadia on the Seno Plain (Dogon Country, Mali).” Journal of African Archaeology 13: 7–38.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Bedaux, R and Lange, A.G. 1983. “Tellem, reconnaissance archéologique d’une culture de l’ouest africain au Moyen-Age: la poterie.” Journal des Africanistes 53: 5–59.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Bedaux, R., Constandse-Westermann, T.S., Hacquebord, L., Lange, A. and Van Der Waals, J.D. 1978. “Recherches archéologiques dans le Delta Intérieur du Niger.” Palaeohistoria 20: 91–220.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Gestrich, N. and MacDonald, K.C. 2018. “On the margins of Ghana and Kawkaw: four seasons of excavation at Tongo Maaré Diabal (AD 500–1150), Mali.” Journal of African Archaeology 16: 1–30.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Gestrich, N., Champion, L., Keita, D. and Coulibaly, N. 2021. “Evidence of an 11th century CE Cola nitida trade into the Middle Niger region.” African Archaeological Review 38: 403–418.","sourceTypes":["publication"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1766060095206,"lastEdited":1768471463331}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/65","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":65,"name":"Archaeological Similarity Network for personal ornaments.","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10631656/#sec026","canonicalCitation":"Pereira D, Manen C, Rigaud S. The shaping of social and symbolic capital during the transition to farming in the Western Mediterranean: Archaeological network analyses of pottery decorations and personal ornaments. PLoS One. 2023 Nov 8;18(11):e0294111. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294111. PMID: 37939080; PMCID: PMC10631656.","description":"\"Storing information and circulating it between individuals and groups is a critical behaviour that signals a tipping point in our evolutionary history. Such practices enabled the preservation and consolidation of knowledge over extended periods, facilitating the accumulation of cultural innovations across generations. In this study, we used Social Network Analysis methods to explore how knowledge circulated during the transition to agriculture in the Western Mediterranean region. Previous studies have shown that specific elements of the material culture reveal distinct patterns of cultural interaction among early farming communities. Here, we investigated if two archaeological proxies, personal ornaments and pottery decorations, both with an exclusively symbolic function, reveal different network structures, and if the different degree of connexions acted equally on the transmission of styles, symbols, and network changes over time. Our results relied on cultural data recorded from 77 archaeological occupations covering Italy, France, and Spain, spanning over 1,500 years (ca. 7950~6450 cal BP). By utilizing a chronological dataset comprising 114 radiocarbon dates, we revealed that pottery decorative techniques networks exhibited stronger connexions over space and time, with nodes organized in clear cluster, when compared to personal ornaments networks. The findings highlight the regionalization and fragmentation of cultural networks during the Early Neolithic, and that the transmission of cultural traits within each category of artefact operated through varying cultural and social mechanisms. Pottery expressed a dynamic regional identity, continuously shaped by geographical and chronological proximity, while bead-type associations contributed to enduring identities shared across vast geographical scales. These networks shed light on the multifaceted shaping of social and symbolic capital among the Mediterranean’s early farmers, emphasizing the strength and quality of social ties that existed between communities and the level of reciprocity and cooperation required to foster these diverse social, economic, and cultural development strategies.\"\n\nFrom https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10631656/#sec026","fileFormats":["other","txt","xls"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Daniel","lastName":"Pereira","affiliation":"Université de Bordeaux, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, UMR 5199, Pessac, France","orcidId":"0000-0003-3396-6402"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Claire","lastName":"Manen","affiliation":"Université de Toulouse Jean-Jaurès, Maison de la Recherche, Toulouse, France","orcidId":"0000-0002-7827-8876"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Solange","lastName":"Rigaud","affiliation":"Université de Bordeaux, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, UMR 5199, Pessac, France","orcidId":null}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["archaeology","neolithic","ornaments"],"collectionTags":[],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"65","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"\"This work was supported by the French National Research Agency under the IDEX Bordeaux NETAWA Emergence project № ANR-10-IDEX-03-02 ‘Out of the Core: Exploring social NETworks at the dawn of Agriculture in Western Asia 10 000 years ago’ [SR], the CNRS Momentum project ‘Symboling and neighboring at the dawn of Agriculture’ [SR] and the Grand Programme de Recherche ‘Human Past’ of the University of Bordeaux [SR].\"","dataPublisher":null,"relatedPublications":[],"topic":{"yearFrom":-6000,"yearTo":-4500,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"France","capital":"Paris","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":2,"lat":46},"iso2":"FR","countryId":"FR"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Italy","capital":"Rome","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":12.83333333,"lat":42.83333333},"iso2":"IT","countryId":"IT"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Spain","capital":"Madrid","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-4,"lat":40},"iso2":"ES","countryId":"ES"}],"networkTopics":["material-similarity","social"],"nodeTopics":["ornaments"],"edgeTopics":["similarity"],"nodeAttributes":["date","latitude","longitude","time-period"],"edgeAttributes":["weight"],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"no","uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":null,"selfLoops":null,"spatial":"yes","longitudinal":null,"multipartile":null,"multilayer":null,"hypergraph":null,"signed":null,"probabilistic":null},"size":{"numberOfNodes":46,"numberOfEdges":217,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"\"Our sample is constituted of two previously published datasets [1]: pottery decorative \ntechniques count data and bead-type association presence/absence data.  \nThe Brainerd-Robinson (BR) coefficient of similarity [2–4] is commonly used in \narchaeology [5–7] and more specifically for pairwise comparisons of count data. In this study, \nwe use a rescaled version of the BR [4,8,9], outputted in the interval [0, 1] (worksheet A in S2 \nSupplementary Information), to build the pottery decorative techniques similarity matrix. The \nJaccard similarity index [10,11] is another commonly used index in archaeology [1,12] , more \nspecifically for the pairwise comparison of presence/absence data. This index outputs results \nin the interval [0, 1] (worksheet G in S2 Supplementary Information) [4,10,11,13] and was used \nto build the personal ornaments similarity matrix. \"\n\n\"All the statistics presented above were calculated in the R platform [19] using an adapted and \nextended version of the code presented by Brughmans and Peeples [8,9,20]. All the statistics were \nperformed, except when indicated otherwise, using the threshold matrices. In the main body, for \nbrevity, we refer to the centralities without making reference to them being weighted, even though \nall calculations were made as such. The code can be found in S1 Code.\"","sources":[{"description":"See PDF attached to the Supplementary Material.","sourceTypes":["online_platform","publication","research","software"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1766061468684,"lastEdited":1768471480601}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/66","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":66,"name":"Archaeological Similarity Network for personal ornaments time-sequential analysis.","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10631656/#sec026","canonicalCitation":"Pereira D, Manen C, Rigaud S. The shaping of social and symbolic capital during the transition to farming in the Western Mediterranean: Archaeological network analyses of pottery decorations and personal ornaments. PLoS One. 2023 Nov 8;18(11):e0294111. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294111. PMID: 37939080; PMCID: PMC10631656.","description":"\"Storing information and circulating it between individuals and groups is a critical behaviour that signals a tipping point in our evolutionary history. Such practices enabled the preservation and consolidation of knowledge over extended periods, facilitating the accumulation of cultural innovations across generations. In this study, we used Social Network Analysis methods to explore how knowledge circulated during the transition to agriculture in the Western Mediterranean region. Previous studies have shown that specific elements of the material culture reveal distinct patterns of cultural interaction among early farming communities. Here, we investigated if two archaeological proxies, personal ornaments and pottery decorations, both with an exclusively symbolic function, reveal different network structures, and if the different degree of connexions acted equally on the transmission of styles, symbols, and network changes over time. Our results relied on cultural data recorded from 77 archaeological occupations covering Italy, France, and Spain, spanning over 1,500 years (ca. 7950~6450 cal BP). By utilizing a chronological dataset comprising 114 radiocarbon dates, we revealed that pottery decorative techniques networks exhibited stronger connexions over space and time, with nodes organized in clear cluster, when compared to personal ornaments networks. The findings highlight the regionalization and fragmentation of cultural networks during the Early Neolithic, and that the transmission of cultural traits within each category of artefact operated through varying cultural and social mechanisms. Pottery expressed a dynamic regional identity, continuously shaped by geographical and chronological proximity, while bead-type associations contributed to enduring identities shared across vast geographical scales. These networks shed light on the multifaceted shaping of social and symbolic capital among the Mediterranean’s early farmers, emphasizing the strength and quality of social ties that existed between communities and the level of reciprocity and cooperation required to foster these diverse social, economic, and cultural development strategies.\"\n\nFrom https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10631656/#sec026","fileFormats":["other","txt","xls"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Daniel","lastName":"Pereira","affiliation":"Université de Bordeaux, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, UMR 5199, Pessac, France","orcidId":"0000-0003-3396-6402"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Claire","lastName":"Manen","affiliation":"Université de Toulouse Jean-Jaurès, Maison de la Recherche, Toulouse, France","orcidId":"0000-0002-7827-8876"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Solange","lastName":"Rigaud","affiliation":"Université de Bordeaux, Ministère de la Culture, PACEA, UMR 5199, Pessac, France","orcidId":null}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["archaeology","neolithic","ornaments"],"collectionTags":[],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"66","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"\"This work was supported by the French National Research Agency under the IDEX Bordeaux NETAWA Emergence project № ANR-10-IDEX-03-02 ‘Out of the Core: Exploring social NETworks at the dawn of Agriculture in Western Asia 10 000 years ago’ [SR], the CNRS Momentum project ‘Symboling and neighboring at the dawn of Agriculture’ [SR] and the Grand Programme de Recherche ‘Human Past’ of the University of Bordeaux [SR].\"","dataPublisher":null,"relatedPublications":[],"topic":{"yearFrom":-6000,"yearTo":-4500,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"France","capital":"Paris","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":2,"lat":46},"iso2":"FR","countryId":"FR"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Italy","capital":"Rome","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":12.83333333,"lat":42.83333333},"iso2":"IT","countryId":"IT"},{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Spain","capital":"Madrid","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":-4,"lat":40},"iso2":"ES","countryId":"ES"}],"networkTopics":["material-similarity","social"],"nodeTopics":["ornaments"],"edgeTopics":["similarity"],"nodeAttributes":["date","latitude","longitude","time-period"],"edgeAttributes":["weight"],"uncertainNodes":"no","uncertainEdges":"no","uncertainNodeAttributes":"no","uncertainEdgeAttributes":"no","uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"yes","multigraph":null,"selfLoops":null,"spatial":"yes","longitudinal":"yes","multipartile":null,"multilayer":null,"hypergraph":null,"signed":null,"probabilistic":null},"size":{"numberOfNodes":74,"numberOfEdges":268,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"\"Our sample is constituted of two previously published datasets [1]: pottery decorative \ntechniques count data and bead-type association presence/absence data.  \nThe Brainerd-Robinson (BR) coefficient of similarity [2–4] is commonly used in \narchaeology [5–7] and more specifically for pairwise comparisons of count data. In this study, \nwe use a rescaled version of the BR [4,8,9], outputted in the interval [0, 1] (worksheet A in S2 \nSupplementary Information), to build the pottery decorative techniques similarity matrix. The \nJaccard similarity index [10,11] is another commonly used index in archaeology [1,12] , more \nspecifically for the pairwise comparison of presence/absence data. This index outputs results \nin the interval [0, 1] (worksheet G in S2 Supplementary Information) [4,10,11,13] and was used \nto build the personal ornaments similarity matrix. \"\n\n\"All the statistics presented above were calculated in the R platform [19] using an adapted and \nextended version of the code presented by Brughmans and Peeples [8,9,20]. All the statistics were \nperformed, except when indicated otherwise, using the threshold matrices. In the main body, for \nbrevity, we refer to the centralities without making reference to them being weighted, even though \nall calculations were made as such. The code can be found in S1 Code.\"","sources":[{"description":"See PDF attached to the Supplementary Material.","sourceTypes":["online_platform","publication","research","software"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1766061673184,"lastEdited":1768471488215}}
{"@context":"https://pastnetworks.org/context.jsonld","@id":"https://pastnetworks.org/networks/67","@type":"pn:NetworkDataset","id":67,"name":"Human-Centered Interaction Networks of the Swifterbant Culture in the Dutch Wetlands","icon":"miscellaneous","dataUrl":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/11/4860#app1-applsci-11-04860","canonicalCitation":"Verhagen, P., Crabtree, S. A., Peeters, H., & Raemaekers, D. (2021). Reconstructing Human-Centered Interaction Networks of the Swifterbant Culture in the Dutch Wetlands: An Example from the ArchaeoEcology Project. Applied Sciences, 11(11), 4860. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114860","description":"\"In archaeology, palaeo-ecological studies are frequently used to support archaeological investigations, but linking and synthesizing datasets and concepts from ecology, ethnography, earth sciences, and archaeology has historically been rare. While advances in computational approaches and standards of data collection have enabled more collaborative approaches to understanding the past, these endeavors are only now beginning to pick up pace. Here, we propose a method to collect data of these assorted types, synthesize ecological and archaeological understanding, and move beyond subsistence-focused studies to those that incorporate multifaceted economies. We advocate for the use of ‘human-centered interaction networks’ as a tool to synthesize and better understand the role of culture, ecology, and environment in the long-term evolution of socio-ecological systems. We advance the study of human-centered interaction networks by presenting an archaeoecological (archaeological-ecological) perspective on the Neolithic transition of the Swifterbant culture in the northwestern Netherlands (approximately 4700–4000 BCE). We employed network science to better understand the relationships of animal and plant species to the uses that people made of them. The analysis of the Swifterbant system reveals a highly connected set of interactions among people, plants, and animals, as could be expected on the basis of the hypothesis of an ‘extended broad-spectrum economy’. Importantly, this broad spectrum extends beyond the subsistence sphere.\"\n\nFrom https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10631656/#sec026","fileFormats":["csv","other"],"authors":[{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Philip","lastName":"Verhagen","affiliation":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam: Amsterdam, NL","orcidId":"0000-0001-8166-122X"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Daan","lastName":"Raemaekers","affiliation":"University of Groningen: Groningen, NL","orcidId":"0000-0001-8665-9065"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Stefani","lastName":"Crabtree","affiliation":"Utah State University, USA & ASU-SFI Center for Biosocial Complex Systems, USA","orcidId":"0000-0001-8585-8943"},{"@type":"schema:Person","firstName":"Hans","lastName":"Peeters","affiliation":"University of Groningen: Groningen, NL","orcidId":"0000-0002-9911-4694"}],"license":{"@type":"dct:LicenseDocument","licenseId":"CC-BY-4.0","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International","reference":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.html","detailsUrl":"https://spdx.org/licenses/CC-BY-4.0.json"},"tags":["interaction-network","neolithic","palaeo-ecological","swifterbant","the-netherlands"],"collectionTags":["neolithic"],"images":[{"@type":"schema:ImageObject","name":"67","originalExt":"png","caption":null}],"funding":"This research was supported by a grant from the Coalition for Archaeological Synthesis (CfAS), and was developed with support from the Santa Fe Institute and the Quadra Centre for Coastal Dialogue and the Tula Foundation.","dataPublisher":null,"relatedPublications":[],"topic":{"yearFrom":-4700,"yearTo":-4000,"modernCountriesAndContinents":[{"@type":"schema:Place","name":"Netherlands","capital":"Amsterdam","coordinates":{"@type":"schema:GeoCoordinates","lon":5.75,"lat":52.5},"iso2":"NL","countryId":"NL"}],"networkTopics":["interaction","palaeo-ecological","relationship"],"nodeTopics":["artefact","clothing","companions","food","fuel","housing","medicinal","ornamental","ritual","structural","transportation"],"edgeTopics":["interaction","relationship"],"nodeAttributes":[],"edgeAttributes":[],"uncertainNodes":null,"uncertainEdges":null,"uncertainNodeAttributes":null,"uncertainEdgeAttributes":null,"uncertaintyDescription":null},"structure":{"directionality":"undirected","weighted":"no","multigraph":"no","selfLoops":"no","spatial":"no","longitudinal":"no","multipartile":null,"multilayer":"no","hypergraph":"no","signed":"no","probabilistic":"no"},"size":{"numberOfNodes":186,"numberOfEdges":null,"numberOfIsolates":null},"construction":{"description":"\"In order to better understand the relationships between species and their use by humans, we have applied a bipartite network analytical approach. By formalizing the human–environmental interactions as a network, we can quickly extract quantitative measures and visualize the connections between species and use categories.\"\n\n\"The network analysis was run in Cytoscape v. 3.7.2, employing the CentiScaPe package [45], to focus our metrics on centrality measures using the list of species and their use categories (see Supplementary Materials S2). Each species and each use category thus becomes a node in the network, but links (edges) are only allowed between species and use categories. The program was then used to visualize the results and analyze the following metrics: degree, betweenness centrality, bridging centrality, eccentricity, and eigenvector centrality. \"\n\"It should be pointed out that these network metrics are designed for the analysis of one-mode networks [47,48]. It is therefore common practice to project bipartite (two-mode) networks to one-mode for analysis of one of the node types involved, which inevitably leads to loss of information. Furthermore, the metrics for projected networks then tend to overestimate the connectedness of the nodes [49]. A number of alternative strategies have been proposed to deal with this effect [49,50] that use specific assumptions about the functioning of social or ecological networks to measure the interactions between nodes in bipartite networks [44,50,51,52]. Our networks, however, are not truly dynamic social or ecological networks since the taxa themselves do not interact and will not actively form ties over the network. We have therefore only analyzed the (static) connections between uses and taxa, for which standard network metrics provide sufficient information.\"","sources":[{"description":"Brinkhuizen, D.C. Preliminary Notes on Fish Remains from Archaeological Sites in the Netherlands. Palaeohistoria 1979, 21, 83–90.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Cappers, R.T.J.; Raemaekers, D.C.M. Cereal Cultivation at Swifterbant? Neolithic Wetland Farming on the North European Plain. Current Anthropology 2008, 49, 385–402.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Casparie, W.A.; Mook-Kamps, B.; Palfenier-Vegter, R.M.; Struijk, P.C.; Zeist, W. van The Paleobotany of Swifterbant (Swifterbant Contribution 7). Helinium 1977, 17, 28–55.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Clason, A.T. Worked Bone, Antler and Teeth. A Preliminary Report (Swifterbant Contribution 9). Helinium 1978, 18, 83–86.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Clason, A.T.; Brinkhuizen, D.C. Swifterbant, Mammals, Birds, Fishes. Preliminary Report (Swifterbant Clason, A.T. Worked Bone, Antler and Teeth. A Preliminary Report (Swifterbant Contribution 9). Helinium 1978, 18, 83–86.Contribution 8). Helinium 1978, 18, 69–82.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Huisman, D.J.; Ngan-Tillard, D.; Tensen, M.A.; Laarman, F.J.; Raemaekers, D.C.M. A Question of Scales: Studying Neolithic Subsistence Using Micro CT Scanning of Midden Deposits. Journal of Archaeological Science 2014, 49, 585–594, doi:10.1016/j.jas.2014.05.006","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Out, W.A. Integrated Archaeobotanical Analysis: Human Impact at the Dutch Neolithic Wetland Site the Hazendonk. Journal of Archaeological Science 2010, 37, 1521–1531.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Schepers, M. Reconstructing Vegetation Diversity in Coastal Landscapes; University of Groningen: Groningen, 2014.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Schepers, M.; Cappers, R.T.J.; Bekker, R.M. A Review of Prehistoric and Early Historic Mainland Salt Marsh Vegetation in the Northern-Netherlands Based on the Analysis of Plant Macrofossils. Journal of Coastal Conservation 2013, 17, 75–773, doi:10.1007/s11852-013-0275-y","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Zeist, W. van; Palfenier-Vegter, R. Seeds and Fruits from the Swifterbant S3 Site. Final Reports on Swifterbant IV. Palaeohistoria 1981, 23, 105–168.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Zeiler, J.T. Hunting, Fowling and Stock-Breeding at Neolithic Sites in the Western and Central Netherlands; University of Groningen: Groningen, 1997.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Bakels, C. Neolithic Plant Remains from the Hazendonk, Province of Zuid-Holland, the Netherlands. Zeitschrift für Archäologie 1981, 15, 141–148","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Casparie, W.A.; Mook-Kamps, B.; Palfenier-Vegter, R.M.; Struijk, P.C.; Zeist, W. van The Paleobotany of Swifterbant (Swifterbant Contribution 7). Helinium 1977, 17, 28–55.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Kubiak-Martens, L. Botany: Local vegetation and plant use. In A Kaleidoscope of Gathering at Keinsmerbrug (The Netherlands). Late Neolithic Behavioural Variability in a Dynamic Landscape; Smit, B.I., Brinkkemper, O., Kleijne, J.P., Lauwerier, R.C.G.M., Theunissen, E.M., Eds.; Nederlandse Archeologische Rapporten; Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands: Amersfoort, 2012; pp. 81–100","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Louwe Kooijmans, L.P. Peddelen over de plassen. In Boomstamkano’s, overnaadse schepen en tuigage. Inleidingen gehouden tijdens het tiende Glavimans Symposion Lelystad, 20 april 2006; Oosting, R., Akker, J. van den, Eds.; Glavimans Stichting: Amersfoort, 2008; pp. 26–37.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Out, W.A. Selective Use of Cornus Sanguinea L. (Red Dogwood) for Neolithic Fish Traps in the Netherlands. Environmental Archaeology 2013, 13, 1–10, doi:10.1179/174963108X279184","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Prummel, W.; Sanden, W.A.B. Runderhoorns Uit de Drentse Venen. Drentse Volksalmanak 1995, 112, 8–55.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Raemaekers, D.C.M. Taboo? The process of Neolitisation in the Dutch wetlands re-examined (5000–3400 cal BC). In Contacts, Boundaries & Innovation. Exploring developed Neolithic societies in central Europe and beyond; Gleser, R., Hofmann, D., Eds.; Sidestone Press: Leiden, 2019; pp. 91–102.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Serjeantson, D. Review of Animal Remains from the Neolithic and Bronze Age of Southern Britain (4000BC - 1500BC). Environmental Studies Report; Research Department Report Series; English Heritage: Fort Cumberland, 2011","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"Zeiler, J.T. Hunting, Fowling and Stock-Breeding at Neolithic Sites in the Western and Central Netherlands; University of Groningen: Groningen, 1997.","sourceTypes":["publication"]},{"description":"https://practicalplants.org/wiki/Practical_Plants","sourceTypes":["website"]},{"description":"https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/","sourceTypes":["website"]},{"description":"https://groen-natuurlijk.nl/","sourceTypes":["website"]},{"description":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/","sourceTypes":["website"]}],"dataCurationCodeUrl":null,"additionalComments":null},"_meta":{"created":1766142154765,"lastEdited":1768471503645}}