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Modern Countries and Continents
File Formats
Network Tags
Network Topics
Node Topics
Edge Topics
Directionality
Weighted
General

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The following fields can be used for targeting a specific field as described in the query syntax below.

canonicalCitation
collectionTags
description
fileFormats
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name
tags
authors.firstName
authors.lastName
authors.orcidId
construction.additionalComments
construction.description
license.licenseId
relatedPublications.canonicalCitation
structure.directionality
structure.weighted
topic.edgeAttributes
topic.edgeTopics
topic.networkTopics
topic.nodeAttributes
topic.nodeTopics
construction.sources.sourceTypes
topic.modernCountriesAndContinents.name

Query Syntax

TitleOperatorExampleDescription
Phrase / Exact match
""
"Roman"
"Roman Road Network"
The term or phrase must be matched exactly (case insensitive) to get a match.
Field Search
FIELD_NAME:()
name:(Roman Road Network)
name:("Roman Road Network")
Field searches makes it possible to narrow the search to a specific field instead of searching all fields. The same operators as used in a normal search can be applied to field searches.
Wildcard
?, *
Roma?
Ro*
Search words including or ending with and an unknown set of characters. The wildcard 
?
matces a single character and 
*
matches 0-n characters.
Fuzzy
~
Roma~
Squire~
Find words which are similar (spelling wise) to the given word. Good for finding misspelled words. The examples could e.g. result in "Roma, Roman, Rome" or "Squire, Super, Squibb".
Given the length of the word different rules apply *:
[0-2]:
No fuzzyfication is applied - the word must match exactly
[3-5]:
One edit** is allowed
[6-*]:
Two edits** are allowed
* The default rules for edits can be overwritten by applying one of [0, 1, 2] after the "~", where the number specifies the number of edits allowed.
** An edit is an insertion, deletion or substitution of a character.
Must
+
+Roman Road +Network
+name:(Roman Road)
+"Roman Road" Network
Express which terms must be present to get a match:
+Roman Road +Network
Both "Roman" and "Network" must be present, "Road" is not required but would make a better result if present
+name:(Roman Road)
One of the terms must be present in the title field (If all terms must be present prefix each term with a "+")
+"Roman Road"
The exact phrase must be present
Must Not
-
-Roman Road
-name:(Roman Road)
-"Roman Road" Network
Express which terms must not be present to get a match:
-Roman Road
"Roman" must not present
-name:(Roman Road)
One of the terms must not be present in the title field (If all terms must not be present prefix each term with a "-")
-"Roman Road"
The exact phrase must not be present
Grouping
( )
(+Roman +Road) (+Ancient +Network)
Group expressions together to form sub-queries. The Example reads: match ("Roman" and "Road") or ("Ancient" and "Network").
time
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Inter-settlement Visibility in Iron Age and Roman Southern Spain

Authors:
Formats
csv
Nodes
445
Edges
1780
Isolates
276
Years
-500–500
Access:
|
Added:
2025-04-18

Intervisibility networks connecting settlements in Iron Age and Roman Southern Spain. Nodes represent settlements, connected by edges representing lines-of-sight. Lines-of-sight were created using probabilistic viewsheds, and a probability value of each edge is included, as well as its length. The dating period to which each settlement is dated is included.

Tags
hispania
•
ironage
•
roman
•
spain
•
visibility
Modern Countries and Continents
Spain
Collections
visibility-southern-spain
Structure
Directionality
directed
Weighted
yes
Hypergraph
no
Longitudinal
yes
Multigraph
no
Multilayer
no
Multipartile
-
Probabilistic
yes
Self Loops
no
Signed
no
Spatial
yes
Data Url
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-014-9231-x
Canonical Citation
Brughmans, T., Keay, S. & Earl, G. Understanding Inter-settlement Visibility in Iron Age and Roman Southern Spain with Exponential Random Graph Models for Visibility Networks. J Archaeol Method Theory 22, 58–143 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-014-9231-x
License
Restricted Access
Funding
The ‘Urban Connectivity in Iron Age and Roman Southern Spain’ project directed by Prof. Simon Keay and Dr. Graeme Earl was funded by the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) between 2002 and 2005 with subsequent support by the University of Southampton and institutions in Seville
Data Publisher
Springer
Related Publications
Brughmans, T., Keay, S. & Earl, G. Understanding Inter-settlement Visibility in Iron Age and Roman Southern Spain with Exponential Random Graph Models for Visibility Networks. J Archaeol Method Theory 22, 58–143 (2015).
Brughmans, T., Keay, S., Earl, G., 2014. Introducing exponential random graph models for visibility networks. Journal of Archaeological Science 49, 442–454.
Network Topics
visibility
Node Topics
settlement
Edge Topics
line-of-sight
Node Attributes
name
•
time-period
Edge Attributes
geographic-coordinates
•
length
•
probability
Uncertainties
Nodes
no
Edges
yes
Node Attributes
no
Edge Attributes
yes
Uncertainty Description
The lines-of-sight were derived using a probabilistic viewshed which represents the uncertainties inherent in the creation of the digital elevation model used in the line-of-sight calculations. The resulting probability value represents the percentage of times in all iterations that the pair of settlements is intervisible.
Statistics
Avg. Clustering Coefficient
-
Avg. In Degree
-
Avg. Out Degree
-
Construction

Described in details in Brughmans et al. 2015 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-014-9231-x

Sources

site locations collected by the Urban Connectivity in Iron Age and Roman Southern Spain project directed by Simon Keay and Graeme Earl.

The sites dataset was primarily assembled from the following sources (text from https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-014-9231-x):

"Archival: These are sites listed in regional site and monument catalogues held by the Delegacion Provincial de Cultura de la Junta de Andalucía (specifically the ARQUEOS and its later replacement the SIPHA). These draw upon information recorded by archaeologists in the 20th c., as well as works published earlier. The work of Ponsich (1974, 1979, 1987, 1991) form a fundamental part of this, particularly for the Roman settlements.

Administrative: These are specifically surveys of Iberian and Roman sites undertaken for administrative reasons by the Delegación Provincial de Cultura as part of the Junta de Andalucía’s ongoing strategy of updating its regional site and monument registers.

Research: These are sites that were found, investigated or excavated in the course of research projects undertaken by archaeologists based at the Universidad de Sevilla or elsewhere.

Accidental: These are sites found or investigated as a result of rescue work (‘urgencias’) undertaken by archaeologists on behalf of the Junta de Andalucía, whether by excavation or survey.

Project: These are sites visited in the course of the urban connectivity project for the purposes of checking location and analysis of surface materials for indications of chronology."

Source Types
accidental
•
administrative
•
archival
•
research
•
survey

point and contour line data from ICA, Junta de Andalucía; used to create DEM

Source Types
topography
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