"Many studies in complexity theory employ agent-based models whose interactions can be expressed as networks. In such models, the pattern of interactions between actors is crucial, and the network topology that emerges from the raw data can be characterized through many metrics. There is one tool that has been previously employed in Archaeology studies and has the potential to deal with networks in social contexts at different scales of analysis: social network analysis (SNA). This discipline has been applied successfully in wide range of archaeological problems, providing valuable insights and a different perspective. It also could be useful to provide quantification to concepts associated with social complexity, such as robustness, resilience, and edge-of-chaos threshold. In this work, we will propose some methodologic possibilities to approximate some of these concepts through SNA. In order to illustrate the process, we will present a case study from the Copper Age in the Iberian Peninsula: Bell beaker phase."
From https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10816-023-09625-6#Abs1
Construction
“The sample comprises exclusively Bell Beaker decorated ceramics. The sample … is a subset of a larger open-access database … and it contains information from 99 archaeological contexts.” “The Bell Beaker vessels included were all complete enough to consider the techniques used to decorate them. Small fragments and those that did not provide suitable information were ruled out.” “As the Jaccard index has been calculated, the final information was limited to the presence-absence of the studied decorative types in each archaeological level.” “The similarity coefficient used to conduct that study is the Jaccard … as it does not take into account the absolute frequencies in the calculation, but … the presence-absence of each item.” “The Jaccard coefficient also needs to be normalized to compensate for the variability between the chronological windows with few variables present, so we have used the formula proposed in previous studies.” “We have set a threshold of 0.25 to accept a prediction… The threshold value selection follows no specific statistical criterion and we have followed the recommendations of the creators of the method.” “Once each context has its chronological attribution, the next step is the composition of the similarity networks that are used to perform the SNA.” “The networks have been arranged according to their geographical situation, using the Gephi application… Once composed of the networks corresponding to each window, some metrics have been analyzed to determine the diachronic evolution.”
Jiménez-Puerto, J. (2022b). Bell Beaker data base for the Iberian Peninsula Eastern Seaboard. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7904732
Jiménez-Puerto, J., & Bernabeu Aubán, J. (2023). Linking up Bell Beakers in the Iberian Peninsula: Supplementary material. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.8116301
Rojo-Guerra, M. et al. (2005). El Campaniforme en la Península Ibérica y su contexto europeo. – includes several Bell Beaker contexts and dates used in the radiocarbon table.
Bueno Ramírez, P. et al. (2005). Beaker ritual, collective ritual: the Necropolis of artificial caves of the Higueras Valley, Huecas, Toledo. – source for Valle de las Higueras radiocarbon determinations.
Pérez-Jordà, G. et al. (2011). La Vital (Gandía, Valencia). Vida y muerte en la desembocadura del Serpis… – provides data for the La Vital site.
Pardo-Gordó, S., Bernabeu Aubán, J., Jiménez-Puerto, J., et al. (2022). Automatic Bayesian chronology procedure used for period attribution.